The German Element in Brazil | Page 6

1810. At the age of 23 he went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.]
[Footnote 13: _Cf._ report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro Sobrinho in _Relatorio._]
[Footnote 14: _V._ Marcondes de Souza: _O Estado de S?o Paulo_, p. 195. _Cf._ statement by Ernst Heinke in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_ ..., p. 250.]
[Footnote 15: I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of one-half of the yearly products.]
[Footnote 16: A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil. In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil, i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paraná.]
[Footnote 17: _Cf._ statements by C.F. Scheler in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_ ..., p. 175 ff.]
[Footnote 18: In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.]
[Footnote 19: Paraná was separated from S?o Paulo in 1853.]
[Footnote 20: _V._ Sellin, Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 111.]
[Footnote 21: _Cf._ report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia in _Relatorio._]
[Footnote 22: Information furnished by Johann Potucek, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.]
[Footnote 23: This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a _Colonia Alem?o o Conselheiro Pedreira_ (state colony) founded in 1827.]
[Footnote 24: Lacmann (p. 8) states that Gross Itajahy was founded in 1829.]
[Footnote 25: Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From 1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he returned to Germany. Died 1898.]
[Footnote 26: _V. Le Brésil Meridional,_ p. 309.]
[Footnote 27: The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently (as used in this work) an emancipated colony.]
[Footnote 28: According to census of 1907 and calculations to date (September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.]
[Footnote 29: The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese "sede."]
[Footnote 30: So named in honor of the president of the state at the time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.]
[Footnote 31: Information furnished by E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina._]
[Footnote 32: Grossi, p. 162.]
[Footnote 33: _Cf._ Ludwig, p. 84.]
[Footnote 34: A particularly strong current of German settlers has in recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.]
[Footnote 35: _Cf._ report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in Relatorio.]
[Footnote 36: About equal to that of the United States without the colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.]
[Footnote 37: The study of emigration reports in European archives does not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.]
[Footnote 38: In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allem?o" (German peril), the following facts are noted by way of comparison:
According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915, inclusive. They are superseded by:
a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836. Total to 1862.................................... 209 Total to and including 1915...................... 1,348,777
b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837. Total to and including 1915...................... 977,524
c) Spaniards. First noted 1841. Total to 1868.................................... 274 Total to and including 1915...................... 470,107]
[Footnote 39: Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg, recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at 20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Münzenthaler, German Consular-General in Rio.]
[Footnote 40: The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of 1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year was 23,000,000.]

=CHAPTER II.=
THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
THE UNDERLYING BASIS AND REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE DIALECT.
As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which we may call "Brazilian German."
The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to which they had been accustomed in the