The Esperanto Teacher | Page 2

customs, and often at open enmity with each other. Taught at home that all men are brethren, Zamenhof found everywhere around him outside the denial of this teaching, and even as a child came to the conclusion that the races hated, because they could not understand, each other. Feeling keenly, too, the disabilities under which his people specially laboured, being cut off by their language from the people among whom they lived, while too proud to learn the language of their persecutors, he set himself to invent a language which should be neutral and therefore not require any sacrifice of pride on the part of any race.
Interesting as is the story of Zamenhof's attempts and difficulties, it must suffice here to say that at the end of 1878 the new language was sufficiently advanced for him to impart it to schoolfellows like-minded with himself, and on December 17th of that year they feted its birth, and sang a hymn in the new language, celebrating the reign of unity and peace which should be brought about by its means, "All mankind must be united in one family." But the enthusiasm of its first followers died down under the derision they encountered, and for nine years more Zamenhof worked in secret at his language, translating, composing, writing original articles, improving, polishing, till in 1887 he published his first book under the title of "An International Language by Dr. Esperanto." ("Esperanto" means "one who hopes").
That the idea which impelled the young Zamenhof to undertake such a work is still the mainspring of his devotion to the cause is shown by the following extract from his opening speech at the second International Esperanto Congress in 1906:--"We are all conscious that it is not the thought of its practical utility which inspires us to work for Esperanto, but only the thought of the important and holy idea which underlies an international language. This idea, you all know, is that of: brotherhood and justice among all peoples." And, again, in his presidential address at the third Esperanto Congress, held this year (1907) at Cambridge, he said, "We are constantly repeating that we do not wish to interfere in the internal life of the nations, but only to build a bridge between the peoples. The ideal aim of Esperantists, never until now exactly formulated, but always clearly felt, is: To establish a neutral foundation, on which the various races of mankind may hold peaceful, brotherly intercourse, without intruding on each other their racial differences."
Sur neuxtrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, La popoloj faros en konsento Unu grandan rondon familian.
(On the foundation of a neutral language, Understanding one another, The peoples will form in agreement One great family circle).
HELEN FRYER.
December, 1907.
THE ALPHABET.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.
In Esperanto each letter has only one sound, and each sound is represented in only one way. The words are pronounced exactly as spelt, every letter being sounded.
Those CONSONANTS which in English have one simple sound only are exactly the same in Esperanto; they are--b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, z (r must be well rolled).
q, w, x, y are not used.
c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are also used with the mark ^--
c cx, g gx, h hx, j jx, s sx.
c - (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound of TS, as in iTS, TSar.
cx - like CH, TCH, in CHurCH, maTCH.
g - hard, as in Go, GiG, Gun.
gx - soft, as in Gentle, Gem, or like J in Just, Jew.
h - well breathed, as in Horse, Home, How.
hx - strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loCH. (Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). Hx occurs but seldom. It is the Irish GH in louGH, and the Welsh CH.
j - like Y in Yes, You, or J in halleluJah, fJord.
jx - like S in pleaSure, or the French J, as in deJeuner, Jean d'Arc.
s - like SS in aSS, leSS, never like S in roSe.
sx - like SH in SHe, SHall, SHip, or S in Sugar, Sure.
In newspapers, etc., which have not the proper type, cx, gx, hx, jx, sx are often replaced by ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, or by c', g', h', j', s', and ux by u.
ux - is also a consonant, and has the sound of W in We, as EUXropo, or U in persUade.
The VOWELS a, e, i, o, u have not the English, but the Continental sounds.
a - always like A in Ah! or in tArt.
e - like E in bEnd, but broader, like E in thEre.
i - is a sound between EE in mEEt and I in Is.
o - like O in fOr, or in the Scottish NO, or AU in