The Dawn of Reason | Page 2

joy shown by bees--Affection for the individual evinced by
house wren --Anger, hate, fear, revenge, in the higher
animals--Forgiving disposition in the monkey--Sympathy--In
ants--Care of young by ants --Solicitude of butterflies--Of gadfly--Of
the ichneumon fly--Of the mason wasp--Of the spider--Of the
earwig--Anger and hate evinced by ants, centipedes, tarantulas, weevils.
88
CHAPTER V
ÆSTHETICISM

The love of music--In spiders--In quail--In dogs--Origin of love of
music in the dog--Dog's knowledge of the echo--Love of music in rats
--In mice--Singing mice--Love of music in lizards--In salamanders--In
snakes--In pigeons--In the barnyard cock--In the horse--Amusement
and pastime--In Actinophrys--In the snail--In Diptera--In ants--In
lady-bugs (Coccinellæ)--Æsthetic taste in birds--The snakeskin
bird--Humming-bird--Bower bird--The love of personal cleanliness--In
birds--In insects--In the locust. 107
CHAPTER VI
PARENTAL AFFECTION
Origin of parental feeling--Evidence of this psychical trait in spiders
--In earwigs--In crayfish--In butterflies--In fish--In toads--In
snakes--Instance of pride in parents--In the dog--In the cat--Parental
affection in birds--Animals seeking the assistance of man when their
offspring is in danger--The evolution of parental affection. 134
CHAPTER VII
REASON
Definition of reason--Origin of instincts--Instances of intelligent
ratiocination--In the bee--The wasp--The ant--Mental degeneration in
ants occasioned by the habit of keeping slaves--The honey-making ant
filling an artificial trench--Other evidences of reason in the insect
--Termes--Division of labor--The king and queen--Bravery of soldier
ants--Overseer and laborers--Blind impulse and intelligent ideation
--Harvester ants--Their habits and intelligence--Their presence in
Arkansas believed to be unique--Animals able to count--This faculty
present in the mason wasps--Experiments--Certain birds able to count
--Also dogs and mules--Cat recognizing the lapse of time--Monkey's
ability in computing--Huber's experiment with glass slip and bees
--Kirby and Spence's comment--Summary. 147
CHAPTER VIII

AUXILIARY SENSES
The color-changing sense and "homing instinct" so-called--These
faculties not instincts but true senses--The chromatic function
--Tinctumutation--Chromatophores and their function--Various
theories--Experiments of Paul Bert with axolotls--Semper's
contention--The difference between plant coloring and animal
coloring--Effects of light--Experiments with newts--Lister's
observations--Pouchet's experiments--Sympathetic nerves--Author's
experiments with frogs--The sense-centre of tinctumutation--Effects of
atropia--Experiments with fish--With katydid--The "homing instinct" a
true sense--Evidences of the sense in a water-louse--Author's
experiments with snails--Location of sense-centre in snails--Evidences
of the homing sense in the limpet--In beetles--In fleas--In ants--In
snakes--In birds--In fish. 181
CHAPTER IX
LETISIMULATION
Not confined to any family, order, or species of
animals--Death-feigning by rhizopods--By fresh-water annelids--By the
larvæ of butterflies and beetles--By free-swimming rotifers--By
snakes--By the itch insect (Sarcoptes hominis)--By many of the
Coleoptera--The common "tumble bug" (Canthon Lævis) a gifted
letisimulant--The double defence of the pentatomid,
"stink-bug"--Reason coming to the aid of instinct-- Death-feigning an
instinct--Feigning of death by ants--By a hound--Not instinctive in the
dog and cat--The origin of this instinct--Summary. 202
CONCLUSION
Instinct and reason--Specialized instincts and "intelligent accidents"
--Abstraction in the dog--In the elephant--The kinship of mind in man
and the lower animals shown by the phenomenon of dreaming--By the
effects of drugs--The action of alcohol on rhizopods--On jelly-fish --On
insects--On mammals--Animals aware of the medical qualities of
certain substances--Recognition of property rights--Animals as tool

users--Instinct and reason differentiated--Summary. 215
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
INDEX 227
* * * * *

DAWN OF REASON
MENTAL TRAITS IN THE LOWER ANIMALS
INTRODUCTION.--CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND
Mind is a resultant of nerve, in the beginning of life, neuro-plasmic,
action, through which and by which animal life in all its phases is
consciously and unconsciously, directly and indirectly, maintained,
sustained, governed, and directed.
This definition of mind is widely different from the definition of those
metaphysical scientists who directed psychological investigation and
observation a decade ago. They held that psychology had nothing in
common with physiology and morphology; that psychos stood upon an
independent pedestal, and was not affected by, and did not affect, any
of the phenomena of life.
In these days it is becoming an accepted fact that morphology,
physiology, and psychology are intimately related and connected, and
that a thorough knowledge of the one implies an equally thorough
knowledge of the others.
Morphology and physiology, until a comparatively recent time, led
divergent paths; but, thanks to such men as Haeckel, Romanes, Huxley,
Wolff, and many others, this erroneous method of investigation, to a
great extent, has ceased.
"The two chief divisions of biological research--Morphology and

Physiology--have long travelled apart, taking different paths. This is
perfectly natural, for the aims, as well as the methods, of the two
divisions are different. Morphology, the science of forms, aims at a
scientific understanding of organic structures, of their internal and
external proportions of form. Physiology, the science of functions, on
the other hand, aims at a knowledge of the functions of the organs, or,
in other words, of the manifestations of life."[1]
[1] Haeckel, Evolution of Man, Vol. I. p. 20.
Indeed, physiology has so diverged from its sister science, morphology,
that it completely and entirely ignores two of the most important
functions of evolution, heredity and adaptation. This has been clearly
shown by Haeckel, who has done much towards bringing about a