The Dawn of Reason | Page 2

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CHAPTER V
?STHETICISM
The love of music--In spiders--In quail--In dogs--Origin of love of music in the dog--Dog's knowledge of the echo--Love of music in rats --In mice--Singing mice--Love of music in lizards--In salamanders--In snakes--In pigeons--In the barnyard cock--In the horse--Amusement and pastime--In Actinophrys--In the snail--In Diptera--In ants--In lady-bugs (Coccinell?)--?sthetic taste in birds--The snakeskin bird--Humming-bird--Bower bird--The love of personal cleanliness--In birds--In insects--In the locust. 107
CHAPTER VI
PARENTAL AFFECTION
Origin of parental feeling--Evidence of this psychical trait in spiders --In earwigs--In crayfish--In butterflies--In fish--In toads--In snakes--Instance of pride in parents--In the dog--In the cat--Parental affection in birds--Animals seeking the assistance of man when their offspring is in danger--The evolution of parental affection. 134
CHAPTER VII
REASON
Definition of reason--Origin of instincts--Instances of intelligent ratiocination--In the bee--The wasp--The ant--Mental degeneration in ants occasioned by the habit of keeping slaves--The honey-making ant filling an artificial trench--Other evidences of reason in the insect --Termes--Division of labor--The king and queen--Bravery of soldier ants--Overseer and laborers--Blind impulse and intelligent ideation --Harvester ants--Their habits and intelligence--Their presence in Arkansas believed to be unique--Animals able to count--This faculty present in the mason wasps--Experiments--Certain birds able to count --Also dogs and mules--Cat recognizing the lapse of time--Monkey's ability in computing--Huber's experiment with glass slip and bees --Kirby and Spence's comment--Summary. 147
CHAPTER VIII
AUXILIARY SENSES
The color-changing sense and "homing instinct" so-called--These faculties not instincts but true senses--The chromatic function --Tinctumutation--Chromatophores and their function--Various theories--Experiments of Paul Bert with axolotls--Semper's contention--The difference between plant coloring and animal coloring--Effects of light--Experiments with newts--Lister's observations--Pouchet's experiments--Sympathetic nerves--Author's experiments with frogs--The sense-centre of tinctumutation--Effects of atropia--Experiments with fish--With katydid--The "homing instinct" a true sense--Evidences of the sense in a water-louse--Author's experiments with snails--Location of sense-centre in snails--Evidences of the homing sense in the limpet--In beetles--In fleas--In ants--In snakes--In birds--In fish. 181
CHAPTER IX
LETISIMULATION
Not confined to any family, order, or species of animals--Death-feigning by rhizopods--By fresh-water annelids--By the larv? of butterflies and beetles--By free-swimming rotifers--By snakes--By the itch insect (Sarcoptes hominis)--By many of the Coleoptera--The common "tumble bug" (Canthon L?vis) a gifted letisimulant--The double defence of the pentatomid, "stink-bug"--Reason coming to the aid of instinct-- Death-feigning an instinct--Feigning of death by ants--By a hound--Not instinctive in the dog and cat--The origin of this instinct--Summary. 202
CONCLUSION
Instinct and reason--Specialized instincts and "intelligent accidents" --Abstraction in the dog--In the elephant--The kinship of mind in man and the lower animals shown by the phenomenon of dreaming--By the effects of drugs--The action of alcohol on rhizopods--On jelly-fish --On insects--On mammals--Animals aware of the medical qualities of certain substances--Recognition of property rights--Animals as tool users--Instinct and reason differentiated--Summary. 215
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
INDEX 227
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DAWN OF REASON
MENTAL TRAITS IN THE LOWER ANIMALS
INTRODUCTION.--CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND
Mind is a resultant of nerve, in the beginning of life, neuro-plasmic, action, through which and by which animal life in all its phases is consciously and unconsciously, directly and indirectly, maintained, sustained, governed, and directed.
This definition of mind is widely different from the definition of those metaphysical scientists who directed psychological investigation and observation a decade ago. They held that psychology had nothing in common with physiology and morphology; that psychos stood upon an independent pedestal, and was not affected by, and did not affect, any of the phenomena of life.
In these days it is becoming an accepted fact that morphology, physiology, and psychology are intimately related and connected, and that a thorough knowledge of the one implies an equally thorough knowledge of the others.
Morphology and physiology, until a comparatively recent time, led divergent paths; but, thanks to such men as Haeckel, Romanes, Huxley, Wolff, and many others, this erroneous method of investigation, to a great extent, has ceased.
"The two chief divisions of biological research--Morphology and Physiology--have long travelled apart, taking different paths. This is perfectly natural, for the aims, as well as the methods, of the two divisions are different. Morphology, the science of forms, aims at a scientific understanding of organic structures, of their internal and external proportions of form. Physiology, the science of functions, on the other hand, aims at a knowledge of the functions of the organs, or, in other words, of the manifestations of life."[1]
[1] Haeckel, Evolution of Man, Vol. I. p. 20.
Indeed, physiology has so diverged from its sister science, morphology, that it completely and entirely ignores two of the most important functions of evolution, heredity and adaptation. This has been clearly shown by Haeckel, who has done much towards bringing about a change of opinion in these matters.[2]
[2] Ibid., p. 21 et seq.
Morphology and physiology are interdependent, correlated, and connected one with the other; and, as I will endeavor to point out as my argument develops itself, psychology is, likewise, intimately associated with these two manifestations of life.
It will be noticed that as forms take on more complexity, and as organs develop new and more complex functions, psychos becomes less simple in its manifestations, and more complex in its