The Church and the Empire | Page 2

his interesting and scholarly work."--_Glasgow Herald._
THE REFORMATION. 1503-1648.
By the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History at King's College, London. _5s. net._
"A book on the Reformation as a whole, not only in England, but in Europe, has long been needed.... This present volume fills, therefore, a real want, for in it the Reformation is treated as a whole.... The value of the book is quite out of proportion to its size, and its importance will be appreciated by all those whose duty or inclination calls to study the Reformation."--Guardian.
"It is certainly a very full and excellent outline. There is scarcely a point in this momentous time in regard to which the student, and, indeed, the ordinary reader, will not find here very considerable help, as well as suggestive hints for further study."--Church Union Gazette.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION. 1648-1815.
By the Editor. _4s. 6d. net_.
"The period is a long one for so small a book, but Mr. Hutton has the gift not of condensing, which is not required, but of selecting the essential events and vividly characterizing them."--Expository Times.
"Mr. Hutton's past studies in Ecclesiastical History are sure to secure him a welcome in this new venture. There is a breadth of treatment, an accurate perspective, and a charitable spirit in all that he writes which make him a worthy associate of Creighton and Stubbs in the great field of history."--Aberdeen Journal.
THE CHURCH OF MODERN DAYS. 1815-1900.
By the Rev. Leighton Pullan, M.A. [_In preparation._]
London: Rivingtons

THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE
Being an outline of the history of the church from A.D. 1003 to A.D. 1304
By
D. J. Medley, M.A. Professor of History in the University of Glasgow

EDITORIAL NOTE
While there is a general agreement among the writers as to principles, the greatest freedom as to treatment is allowed to writers in this series. The volumes, for example, are not of the same length. Volume II, which deals with the formative period of the Church, is, not unnaturally, longer in proportion than the others. To Volume VI, which deals with the Reformation, has been allotted a similar extension. The authors, again, use their own discretion in such matters as footnotes and lists of authorities. But the aim of the series, which each writer sets before him, is to tell, clearly and accurately, the story of the Church, as a divine institution with a continuous life.
W. H. Hutton

PREFACE
The late appearance of this volume of the series needs some explanation. Portions of the book have been written at intervals; but it is only the enforced idleness of a long convalescence after illness which has given me the requisite leisure to finish it.
I have tried to avoid overloading my pages with details of political history; but in no period is it so easy to miss the whole lesson of events by an attempt to isolate the special influences which affected the organised society of the Church. The interpretation which I have adopted of the important events at Canossa is not, of course, universally accepted; but the fact that it has seldom found expression in any English work may serve as my excuse.
The Editor of the series, The Rev. W. H. Hutton, has laid me under a deep obligation, first, by his long forbearance, and more lately, by his frequent and careful suggestions over the whole book. It is dangerous for laymen to meddle with questions of technical theology. I trust that, guided by his expert hand, I have not fallen into any recognisable heresy!
Mears Ashby, _October_, 1910.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER I
THE BEGINNINGS OF CHURCH REFORM
CHAPTER II
GREGORY VII AND LAY INVESTITURE
CHAPTER III
THE END OF THE QUARREL
CHAPTER IV
THE SECULAR CLERGY
CHAPTER V
CANONS AND MONKS
CHAPTER VI
ST. BERNARD
CHAPTER VII
THE SCHOOLMEN AND THEOLOGY
CHAPTER VIII
GUELF AND GHIBELLINE (I)
CHAPTER IX
INNOCENT III
CHAPTER X
THE PAPAL POWER IN THE CHURCH
CHAPTER XI
DOCTRINE AND DISCIPLINE OF THE CHURCH
CHAPTER XII
HERESIES
CHAPTER XIII
THE MENDICANT ORDERS
CHAPTER XIV
THE CHURCH AND THE HEATHEN
CHAPTER XV
GUELF AND GHIBELLINE (II)
CHAPTER XVI
THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE AND OF THE PAPACY
CHAPTER XVII
THE CHURCHES OF THE EAST

The Church and the Empire
Introductory
[Sidenote: Political thought in Middle Ages.]
The period of three centuries which forms our theme is the central period of the Middle Ages. Its interests are manifold; but they almost all centre round the great struggle between Empire and Papacy, which gives to mediaeval history an unity conspicuously lacking in more modern times. The history of the Church during these three hundred years is more political than at any other period. In order to understand the reason for this it will be well at the outset to sketch in brief outline the political theories propounded in the Middle Ages on the relations of Church and State. So only can we avoid the inevitable confusion of mind which must result from the use of terms familiar in modern life.
[Sidenote: Unity of world.]
Medieval thought, then, drawing its materials from Roman, Germanic and Christian sources, conceived the Universe as _Civitas Dei_,