The Care and Feeding of Children | Page 9

the bottle. This is a matter of great convenience during the whole period of nursing when the mother or nurse is from necessity away from the child for a few hours; when more feeding is required at weaning time the child does not object.
When should a child be weaned from the bottle?
With children who are not ill, weaning from the bottle should invariably be begun at the end of the first year, and after a child is thirteen or fourteen months old the bottle should not be given except at the night feeding.
_Is there any objection to the child's taking the bottle until it is two or three years old?_
There are no advantages and some serious objections. Older children often become so attached to the bottle that only with the greatest difficulty can they be made to give it up. Frequently they will refuse all solid food, and will take nothing except from the bottle so long as it is given, and when finally at three or four years, it is taken away, they will not touch milk during the rest of their childhood. The difficulty is here that children form the "bottle habit." This habit is troublesome, unnecessary, and should by all means be prevented. An exclusive diet of milk for children of two or three years often results in an?mia and malnutrition.
How should one train a child to do without the bottle?
This is usually very easy if it is begun at one year. The milk should be poured into a tiny glass or cup and little by little the child is taught to drink; at first only a small portion of the food is taken in this way, the balance being given from the bottle; but in the course of a few weeks the average infant learns to drink from a cup without difficulty, and all the food can be so given.
If the child is two or more years old, the only effective means of weaning from the bottle is through hunger. The bottle should be taken away at once and entirely, and nothing allowed except milk from a cup until the child takes this willingly. Sometimes a child will go an entire day without food, occasionally as long as two days, but one should not be alarmed on this account and yield. This is a matter of the child's will and not of his digestion, and when once he has been conquered it is seldom that any further trouble is experienced. As soon as a child has learned to drink his milk from a cup, cereals and other solid foods may gradually be added to the diet. The educational value of such training is not the least important consideration.
_Can a baby just weaned take cow's milk of the same proportions as one of the same age who has had cow's milk from birth?_
Very rarely; to give a baby who has had nothing but the breast from birth, plain cow's milk, or even that milk which a bottle-fed baby of the same age might take, is almost certain to cause indigestion. The change in the food is quite a marked one, and should be made gradually by beginning with a very weak milk and increasing its strength as the baby becomes accustomed to take cow's milk.
_What would be the proper proportions for an infant weaned at four or five months?_
About the same as for a healthy bottle-fed infant of two months; the quantity of course should be larger. The food can in most cases be gradually increased so that in two or three weeks the usual strength for the age can be taken.
_What would be the proper proportions for an infant weaned at nine or ten months?_
About the same as for a bottle-fed infant at four or five months, to be increased as indicated above.
Will not a child lose in weight when placed upon so low a diet?
Very often it will do so for the first week or two, but after that will gain quite regularly; the acute indigestion, however, which generally accompanies the use of stronger milk will, in most cases, cause a greater loss.
ARTIFICIAL FEEDING
What foods contain all the elements present in mother's milk?
The milk of other animals,--cow's milk being the only one which is available for general use.
_Is it not possible for infants to thrive upon other foods than those containing fresh milk?_
They may do so for a time, but never permanently. The long-continued use of other foods as the sole diet is attended with great risk.
What are the dangers of such foods?
Frequently scurvy is produced (see page 141), often rickets, and in other cases simply a condition of general malnutrition,--the child does not thrive, is pale, and its muscles are soft and flabby.
THE SELECTION AND CARE OF MILK USED FOR INFANT FEEDING
_What are the