The 1990 CIA World Factbook | Page 6

(acid, microdot), mescaline
and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP,
DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues
(PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the
resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Marijuana is the
dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Narcotics
are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium,
opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include
opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol),

codeine (Tylenol w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and
thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and
hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or
Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose),
and others (Darvon, Lomotil). Opium is the milky exudate of the
incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver
somniferum) is the source for many natural and semisynthetic narcotics.
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried
opium poppy. Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of
Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea. Stimulants are drugs that
relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include
cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine),
phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert,
Sanorex, Tenuate). Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to
infants under one year of age in a given year per l,000 live births
occurring in the same year. Land use: Human use of the land surface is
categorized as arable land--land cultivated for crops that are replanted
after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); permanent crops--land
cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest (citrus,
coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures--land permanently used for
herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland--land under dense or
open stands of trees; and other--any land type not specifically
mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for
irrigated refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that is
artificially supplied with water. Leaders: The chief of state is the titular
leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial
funcions but is not involved with the day-to-day activities of the
government. The head of government is the administrative leader who
manages the day-to-day activities of the government. In the UK, the
monarch is the chief of state and the prime minister is the head of
government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the
head of government. Life expectancy at birth: The average number of
years to be lived by a group of people all born in the same year, if
mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Maritime claims:
The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national claims
from being fully extended. Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the
carriage of goods. All commercial vessels (as opposed to all

nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil
rigs, etc. Also, a grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register.
Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory,
possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships
owned in the parent country. Also referred to as an offshore register,
the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive
register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of
it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the
offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it
especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the
internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive
register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is not
the register of an independent state. Flag of convenience register--A
national register offering registration to a merchant ship not owned in
the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to
their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of
profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are
characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually
owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for
ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where
the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to
as an open register. Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered
and which holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at
home or abroad. Differences in flag state maritime legislation
determine how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a
foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. Internal register--A
register of ships maintained as a subset of a national register. Ships on
the internal register fly the national flag and