Tacitus on Germany | Page 3

space, all naked or only
wearing a light cassock. In their equipment they show no ostentation;

only that their shields are diversified and adorned with curious colours.
With coats of mail very few are furnished, and hardly upon any is seen
a headpiece or helmet. Their horses are nowise signal either in fashion
or in fleetness; nor taught to wheel and bound, according to the practice
of the Romans: they only move them forward in a line, or turn them
right about, with such compactness and equality that no one is ever
behind the rest. To one who considers the whole it is manifest, that in
their foot their principal strength lies, and therefore they fight
intermixed with the motions and engagements of the cavalry. So that
the infantry are elected from amongst the most robust of their youth,
and placed in front of the army. The number to be sent is also
ascertained, out of every village an hundred, and by this very name
they continue to be called at home, those of the hundred band: thus
what was at first no more than a number, becomes thenceforth a title
and distinction of honour. In arraying their army, they divide the whole
into distinct battalions formed sharp in front. To recoil in battle,
provided you return again to the attack, passes with them rather for
policy than fear. Even when the combat is no more than doubtful, they
bear away the bodies of their slain. The most glaring disgrace that can
befall them, is to have quitted their shield; nor to one branded with such
ignominy is it lawful to join in their sacrifices, or to enter into their
assemblies; and many who had escaped in the day of battle, have
hanged themselves to put an end to this their infamy.
In the choice of kings they are determined by the splendour of their
race, in that of generals by their bravery. Neither is the power of their
kings unbounded or arbitrary: and their generals procure obedience not
so much by the force of their authority as by that of their example,
when they appear enterprising and brave, when they signalise
themselves by courage and prowess; and if they surpass all in
admiration and pre-eminence, if they surpass all at the head of an army.
But to none else but the Priests is it allowed to exercise correction, or to
inflict bonds or stripes. Nor when the Priests do this, is the same
considered as a punishment, or arising from the orders of the general,
but from the immediate command of the Deity, Him whom they believe
to accompany them in war. They therefore carry with them when going
to fight, certain images and figures taken out of their holy groves. What

proves the principal incentive to their valour is, that it is not at random
nor by the fortuitous conflux of men that their troops and pointed
battalions are formed, but by the conjunction of whole families, and
tribes of relations. Moreover, close to the field of battle are lodged all
the nearest and most interesting pledges of nature. Hence they hear the
doleful howlings of their wives, hence the cries of their tender infants.
These are to each particular the witnesses whom he most reverences
and dreads; these yield him the praise which affect him most. Their
wounds and maims they carry to their mothers, or to their wives,
neither are their mothers or wives shocked in telling, or in sucking their
bleeding sores. Nay, to their husbands and sons whilst engaged in battle,
they administer meat and encouragement.
In history we find, that some armies already yielding and ready to fly,
have been by women restored, through their inflexible importunity and
entreaties, presenting their breasts, and showing their impending
captivity; an evil to the Germans then by far most dreadful when it
befalls their women. So that the spirit of such cities as amongst their
hostages are enjoined to send their damsels of quality, is always
engaged more effectually than that of others. They even believe them
endowed with something celestial and the spirit of prophecy. Neither
do they disdain to consult them, nor neglect the responses which they
return. In the reign of the deified Vespasian, we have seen Veleda for a
long time, and by many nations, esteemed and adored as a divinity. In
times past they likewise worshipped Aurinia and several more, from no
complaisance or effort of flattery, nor as Deities of their own creating.
Of all the Gods, Mercury is he whom they worship most. To him on
certain stated days it is lawful to offer even human victims. Hercules
and Mars they appease with beasts usually allowed for sacrifice. Some
of the Suevians make likewise immolations to Isis. Concerning the
cause and