Studies of Trees | Page 4

these are much longer than those of the Scotch pine (five to six inches) and are straighter.
The bark, which is reddish in color, also differentiates the red pine from the Austrian pine.
The position of the cones on the red pine, which point outward and downward at maturity,
will also help to distinguish this tree from the Scotch and the Austrian varieties.

GROUP II. THE SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK
How to tell them from other trees: The spruce and hemlock belong to the evergreen class
and may be told from the other trees by their leaves. The characteristic leaves of the
spruce are shown in Fig. 9; those of the hemlock in Fig. 10. These are much shorter than
the needles of the pines but are longer than the leaves of the red cedar or arbor vitae.
They are neither arranged in clusters like those of the larch, nor in feathery layers like
those of the cypress. They adhere to the tree throughout the year, while the leaves of the
larch and cypress shed in the fall.
The spruces are pyramidal-shaped trees, with tall and tapering trunks, thickly covered
with branches, forming a compact crown. They are widely distributed throughout the cold
and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, where they often form thick forests
over extended areas.
There are eighteen recognized species of spruce. The Norway spruce has been chosen as
a type for this group because it is so commonly planted in the northeastern part of the
United States.
The hemlock is represented by seven species, confined to temperate North America,
Japan, and Central and Western China.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.--The Norway Spruce.]
How to tell them from each other: The needles and branches of the spruce are coarse;
those of the hemlock are flat and graceful. The individual leaves of the spruce, Fig. 9, are
four-sided and green or blue on the under side, while those of the hemlock, Fig. 10, are
flat and are marked by two white lines on the under side.
THE NORWAY SPRUCE (Picea excelsa)
Distinguishing characters: The characteristic appearance of the full-grown tree is due to
the *drooping branchlets* carried on *main branches which bend upward* (Fig. 7).
Leaf: The leaves are dark green in color and are arranged spirally, thus making the twigs
coarser to the touch than the twigs of the hemlock or fir. In cross-section, the individual
leaflet is quadrilateral, while that of the pine is triangular.
Form and size: A large tree with a straight, undivided trunk and a well-shaped, conical
crown (Fig. 7).
Range: Northern Europe, Asia, northern North America.
Soil and location: Grows in cool, moist situations.
Enemies: The foliage of the spruce is sometimes affected by red spider, but is apt to be
more seriously injured by drought, wind, and late frosts.

Value for planting: Commonly planted as an ornamental tree and for hedges. It does well
for this purpose in a cool northern climate, but in the vicinity of New York City and
further south it does not do as well, losing its lower branches at an early age, and
becoming generally scraggly in appearance.
[Illustration: FIG. 8.--A Group of Hemlock.]
Commercial value: The wood is light and soft and is used for construction timber, paper
pulp, and fuel.
Other characters: The fruit is a large slender cone, four to seven inches long.
Comparisons: The white spruce (Picea canadensis) may be told from the Norway spruce
by the whitish color on the under side of its leaves and the unpleasant, pungent odor
emitted from the needles when bruised. The cones of the white spruce, about two inches
long, are shorter than these of the Norway spruce, but are longer than those of the black
spruce.
It is essentially a northern tree growing in all sorts of locations along the streams and on
rocky mountain slopes as far north as the Arctic Sea and Alaska. It often appears as an
ornamental tree as far south as New York and Pennsylvania.
The black spruce (Picea mariana) may be told from the other spruces by its small cone,
which is usually only about one inch in length. In New England it seldom grows to as
large a size as the other spruce trees.
It covers large areas in various parts of northern North America and grows to its largest
size in Manitoba. The black spruce has little value as an ornamental tree.
The Colorado blue spruce (Picea parryana or Picea pungens) which is commonly used
as an ornamental tree on lawns and in parks, can be told from the other spruces by its
pale-blue or sage-green color and its sharp-pointed, coarse-feeling twigs. Its small size
and sharp-pointed conical form are also characteristic.
It grows to a large size in Colorado and the Middle West. In the Eastern States and in