Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages | Page 3

of Grammar of the CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE,
To Which Is Added a Vocabulary of some of the most common Words.
By JOHN SUMMERFIELD, alias, SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH.
Cazenovia: PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON. 1834.

ADVERTISEMENT.
The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours, while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter. As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and expense.
J. SUMMERFIELD.
Cazenovia, April 10, 1834.

SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c.
The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz. A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n; O, o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X, are not used.
There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely, the article, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the verb, the participle, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection.
OF THE ARTICLE.
There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n.
OF NOUNS.
A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man; Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree.
Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper.
Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh, man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird.
Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles, Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the same as in English.]
To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case.
GENDER.
Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex.
Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.
The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man.
The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as, Nahbak, a she bear, &c.
The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a hat.
NUMBER.
Number is the distinction of objects as one or more.
Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural.
The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a book.
The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, books.
CASE.
Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.
The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.; as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays.
The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, and always ends with the letter o; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my father's house.
The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation; as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles.
Nouns may be declined in the following manner:
Singular. Plural. Nom. Case, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men. Poss. Case, Eneneho, man's. Enenewugo, men's. Obj. Case, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men.
OF PRONOUNS.
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the same word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is happy.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, he; with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, they.
Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case.
The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz.
Neen, I, is the first person, } Keen, thou, is the second person, } Singular. Ween, he, is the third person, } Nenahwind, we, is the first person, } Kenahwah, you, is the second person, } Plural. Wenahwah, they, is the third person, }
Number.--Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.
Case.--Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.
Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same form.
First person. Singular. Plural. Nom. Neen, I. Nenahwind, we. Poss. Neen, mine. Nenahwind, ours. Obj. Neen, me. Nenahwind, us.
OF ADJECTIVES.
An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as, quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man.
Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have any regular comparison.
The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives:
Pazhick, 1 Neezhe, 2 Nesweh, 3 Newin, 4 Nahnun, 5 Ingoodwahsweh, 6 Neswahsweh, 7 Shahsweh, 8 Shongsweh, 9 Metahsweh, 10 Metahsweh ahshepazhick, 11 ---- ahsheneezhe, 12 ---- ahshenesweh, 13 ---- ahshenewin, 14 ---- ahshenahnun, 15 ---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 16 ---- ahsheneswahsweh, 17 ---- ahsheswahsweh, 18 ---- ahsheshongsweh, 19 Nestahnah, 20 Nestahnah ahshepachick, 21 ---- ahsheneezhe, 22 ---- ahshenesweh, 23 ---- ahshenewin, 24 ---- ahshenahnun, 25 ---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 26 ---- ahsheneswahsweh, 27 ---- ahsheshahsweh, 28 ---- absheshongsweh, 29 Nesemetahnah, 30 Nemedahnah, 40 Nahnemedahnah, 50 Ingoodwahsemedahnah, 60 Neswahsemedahnah, 70 Swahsemedahnah,