Scientific American Supplement, No. 443, June 28, 1884 | Page 7

(_Dingl. Jour._, p. 338) that the most reliable method of estimating the adulteration of beeswax is that proposed by Becker, and known as the saponification method.
The quantity of potassic hydrate required to saponify one gramme or 15 grains of pure beeswax varies from 97 to 107 milligrammes. Other kinds of wax and its substitutes require in some cases more and in others less of the alkali. This method would, however, lead to very erroneous conclusions if applied to a mixture of which some of the constituents have higher saponification numbers than beeswax and others higher, as one error would balance the other.
To avoid this, the quantity of alkali required to saponify the myricine is first ascertained, and then that required to saturate the free cerotic acid. In this way two numbers are obtained; and in an investigation of twenty samples of Austrian yellow beeswax, the author found these numbers stood to each other almost in the constant ratio of 1 to 3.70. Although this ratio cannot be considered as definitely established by so few experiments, it may serve as a guide in judging of the purity of beeswax.
The experiment is carried out as follows: 3 or 4 grammes of the wax that has been melted in water are put in 20 c.c. of neutral 95 per cent, alcohol, and warmed until the wax melts, when phenolphthaleine is added, and enough of an alcoholic solution of potash run in from a burette until on shaking it retains a faint but permanent red color. The burette used by the author is divided in 0.05 c.c. After adding 20 c.c. more of a half normal potash solution, it is heated on a water bath for ? hour. Then the uncombined excess of alkali is titrated with half normal hydrochloric acid. The alcohol must be tested as to its reaction before using it, and carefully neutralized with the acid of phenolphthalein.
To saturate the free acid in 1 gramme of wax requires 19 to 21 milligrammes of potassic hydrate, while 73 to 76 milligrammes more are necessary to saponify the myricine ether. The lower numbers in the one usually occur with low numbers for the other, so that the proportions remain 1 to 3.6 or 1 to 3.8.
For comparison he gives the following numbers obtained with one gramme of the more common adulterants:
----------------+----------+----------+---------+--------+ | To | To | Total | | |neutralize| convert |saponifi-| | | the acid.|the ether.| cation. | Ratio. | ----------------+----------+----------+---------+--------+ Japanese wax | 20 | 200 | 220 | 10 | Carnauba wax | 4 | 75 | 79 | 19 | Tallow | 4 | 176 | 180 | 44 | Stearic acid | 195 | 0 | 195 | 0/195 | Rosin | 110 | 1.6 | 112 | 0.015 | Paraffine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Ceresine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yellow beeswax | 20 | 75 | 95 | 3.75 | ----------------+----------+----------+---------+--------+
The author deduces the following conclusions as the results of these investigations:
1. If the numbers obtained lie between these limits, 19 to 21, 73 to 76, 92 to 97, and 3.6 to 3.8 respectively, it may be assumed that the beeswax is pure, provided it also corresponds to beeswax in its physical properties.
2. If the saponification figures fall below 92 and yet the ratio is correct, it is adulterated with some neutral substance like paraffine.
3. If the ratio is above 3.8, it is very probable that Japanese or carnauba wax or grease has been added.
4. If the ratio falls below 3.6, stearic acid or resin has been used as the adulterant.
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PHENOL IN THE STEM, LEAVES, AND CONES OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS.
A DISCOVERY BEARING ON THE FLORA OF THE CARBONIFEROUS EPOCH AND THE FORMATION OF PETROLEUM.
By A.B. GRIFFITHS, Ph.D., F.C.S. Membre de la Societe Chimique de Paris, Medallist in Chemistry and Botany, etc.
Having found, in small quantities, alcohols of the C_{n}H_{2n-7} series, last summer, in the stem, acicular leaves, and cones of Pinus sylvestris, I wish in this paper to say a few words on the subject.
First of all, I took a number of cones, cut them up into small pieces, and placed them in a large glass beaker, then nearly filled it with distilled water, and heated to about 80° C., keeping the decoction at this temperature for about half an hour, I occasionally stirred with a glass rod, and then allowed it to cool, and filtered. This filtrate was then evaporated nearly to dryness, when a small quantity of six-sided prisms crystallized out, which subsequently were found to be the hydrate of phenol (C_{6}H_{5}HO)_{2}H_{2}O. Its melting point was found to be 17.2° C. Further, the crystals already referred to were dissolved in ether, and then allowed to evaporate, when long colorless needles were