Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch | Page 8

4. The Medio-passive:
W.S. sk, e.g., kallask, E.S. s, kallas.
5. Pronominal forms:
W.S. ek, _vér_ (_mér_), E.S. iak, _v[-i]r_, _ér_ (_þer_), sem, _[-i]r_,
sum.
8. REMARKS.
Assimilation of mp to pp and nk to kk appears also quite early in Danish
and Swedish, e.g., kap (_kapp_) and drocken (see Kalkar), kapp and
drokken (Sw.). _U--Umlaut_ seems to be more limited in O.N. than in
O. Ic. O. Ic. hl, hn, hr initially appear early as simple l, n, r in O.N. (see
Noreen 528), e.g., O. Ic. hlaupa, O.N. _loupa_; O. Ic. hniga, O.N.
_niga_; O. Ic. hringr, O.N. _ringr_; O. Ic. fn appears in O.N. as
bn or
mn, e.g., O. Ic. nafn, O.N. namn (N. Norse navn, nabn, _namn_). Initial
hv, which was a heavy guttural spirant, became kv in Western Norway,
kv and khv in Iceland (though written hv still), e.g., O.N., O. Ic. hvelva,
Norse kvelva. O.N. _ø_ became _œæ_ in Iceland, _døma_ > _dœæma_.
O.N. _Ͼi_ became ei in Iceland, e.g., O.N. _stϾin_ > O. Ic. stein,
O.N. _bϾin_ > O. Ic. bein (stin and bin in O. Dan.).
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD NORTHUMBRIAN.
The following are some of the chief differences between O. Nhb. and

W. S:
1. Preference in O. Nhb. for a in many cases where W. S. has e.
2. A sometimes appears in closed syllable where W.S. has æ.
3. A before l + consonant is not broken to ea (Sievers §121.3, and
Lindelöf: Die Sprache des Durham Rituals).
4. A before r + consonant very frequently not broken, cp. arm, farra.
Breaking occurs more often, however.
5. E before l + consonant not broken in the Ritual (see Lindelöf).
6. E before r + consonant is broken and appears as either ea or eo, cp.
eorthe, earthe.
7. A before h, ht, x (_hs_) becomes _œæ_. Sievers §162.1. In W.S. a
was broken to _œea_, cp. O. Nhb. sax, W.S. seax. This Lindelöf
explains as due to the different quality of the _h_--in W.S. it was
guttural, hence caused breaking; in Nhb. it was palatal and hence the
preceding a was palatalized to _Ͼ_.
8. Nhb. umlaut of o is _œ[oe]_. In W. S. it was e, cp. _dœ[oe]ma_,
_sœ[oe]ca_, W. S. _d[-e]man, s[-e]can_. See Sievers §§27 and 150.4.
Bouterwek CXXVII, and Lindelöf. This difference was, however,
levelled out, Nhb. _œ[oe]_ becoming also e, according to Sievers.
9. Special Nhb. diphthongs ei, ai, cp. heista, seista, W.S. hiehsta,
siexta.
10. Influence of preceding w was greater than in the South. A
diphthong whose second element was a dark vowel was simplified
generally to a dark vowel (Lindelöf), e.g., weo > wo, wio > wu
, cp.
weorld > world, weord > word, etc.
11. W.S. t is represented quite frequently by _ð_ or d, regularly so
when combined with l, often so when combined with s. See Lindelöf
above.

12. W.S. _ð_ frequently appears as d in the North; the reverse also
occurs. See Bouterwek CXLII-CXLV. In a few cases _ð_ > t.
13. C before t where W. S. regularly has h. See Bouterwek.
14. Metathesis of r less extensive than in W. S.
15. Preceding g, c, sc did not cause diphthongation in Nhb. as often as
in W. S.
16. Generally speaking, less extensive palatalization in Nhb. than in W.
S.
17. Dropping of final n in infinitives in Northumbrian.
10. REMARKS. METATHESIS OF R.
The above characteristics of O. Nhb. will not only explain a great many
later Scotch forms, but also show that a number of words which have
been considered loanwords are genuine English. Sco. daw, "day," need
not necessarily be traced to O.N. dagr. The W.S. _dæg_ gave Eng. day.
_Dæg_ is also the Northern form. Daw may of course be due to a in the
oblique cases, but according to 2 dag may have appeared in the
nominative case early in the North. This would develop to daw. Sco.
daw, verb, "to dawn," is easily explained. W.S. dagian > dawn
regularly, Nhb. dagia (see 17 above) > daw. The O.N. daga, "to dawn,"
is then out of the question. Sco. mauch, "a kinsman"; the O.E. form was
_mæg_, which would have given may. In the North the g was probably
not palatal. Furthermore a Northern form mag would regularly develop
to maw, might also be mauch (cp. law and lawch, adj., "low," O.N.
_lagr_). O.N. magr, "kinsman," may, however, be the source of mauch.
Sco. hals is not from O.N. hals, but from O. Nhb. hals which
corresponded to W. S. _heals_; Sco.
hawse, "to clasp," (Ramsay, II,
257); comes from O. Nhb. halsiga, W. S. healsian. (Sco. hailse, "to
greet," is a different word, see loanword list, part II.). Forms that
appear later in standard English frequently are found earliest in the