Sanders Union Fourth Reader | Page 4

with words, not only as individuals, but as members of a sentence, and parts of a connected discourse: including every thing necessary to the just expression of the sense. Accordingly, it demands, in a special manner, attention to the following particulars; viz., ARTICULATION, ACCENT, EMPHASIS, INFLECTION, MODULATION, and PAUSES.
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SECTION I.
ARTICULATION.
Articulation is the art of uttering distinctly and justly the letters and syllables constituting a word.
It deals, therefore, with the elements of words, just as elocution deals with the elements of sentences: the one securing the true enunciation of each letter, or combination of letters, the other giving to each word, or combination of words, such a delivery as best expresses the meaning of the author. It is the basis of all good reading, and should be carefully practiced by the learner.

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.
VOWEL SOUNDS.
TONICS.
Element. Power.
1.--1 A as in _A_pe. 2.--2 A " _A_rm. 3.--3 A " _A_ll. 4.--4 A " _A_t. 5.--5 A " C_a_re. 6.--6 A " _A_sk. 7.--1 E " _E_ve. 8.--2 E " _E_nd. 9.--1 I " _I_ce. 10.--2 I " _I_t. 11.--1 O " _O_ld. 12.--2 O " Do. 13.--3 O " _O_x. 14.--1 U " _U_se. 15.--2 U " _U_p. 16.--3 U " P_u_ll. 17.--OI " O_i_l. 18.--OU " O_u_t.
CONSONANT SOUNDS.
SUB-TONICS.
19.--B as in _B_at. 20.--D " _D_un. 21.--G " _G_un. 22.--J " _J_et. 23.--L " _L_et. 24.--M " _M_an. 25.--N " _N_ot. 26.--R " _R_un. 27.--V " _V_ent. 28.--W " _W_ent. 29.--Y " _Y_es. 30.--1 Z " _Z_eal. 31.--2 Z " A_z_ure. 32.--NG " Sing. 33.--TH " _Th_y.
A-TONICS.
34.--F as in _F_it. 35.--H " _H_at. 36.--K " _K_id. 36.--P " _P_it. 38.--S " _S_in. 39.--T " _T_op. 40.--CH " _Ch_at. 41.--SH " _Sh_un. 42.--TH " _Th_in. 43.--WH " _Wh_en.
21: Soft G is equivalent to J; soft C to S, and hard C and Q to K. X is equivalent to K and S, as in box, or to G and Z as in exalt.
42: WH is pronounced as if the H preceded W, otherwise it would be pronounced W hen. R should be slightly trilled before a vowel. For further instructions, see Sanders and Merrill's Elementary and Elocutionary Chart.

SUBSTITUTES FOR THE VOWEL ELEMENTS.
For Long A.
ai as in s_ai_l. au " g_au_ge. ay " lay. ea " gr_ea_t. ei " d_ei_gn. ey " they.
For Flat A.
au as in d_au_nt. ea " h_ea_rt. ua " g_ua_rd.
For Broad A.
au as in p_au_se. aw " l_a_w. eo " G_eo_rge. oa " gr_oa_t. o " h_o_rn. ou " s_ou_ght.
For Short A.
ai as in pl_ai_d. ua " g_ua_ranty.
For Intermediate A.
ai as in h_ai_r. ea " b_ea_r. e " wh_e_re. ei " th_ei_r.
For Long E.
ea as in w_ea_k. ei " s_ei_ze. eo " p_eo_ple. ey " key. ie " br_ie_f. i " p_i_que.
For Short E.
a as in _a_ny. ai " s_ai_d. ay " s_ay_s. ea " d_ea_d. ei " h_ei_fer. eo " l_eo_pard. ie " fr_ie_nd. ue " g_ue_ss. u " b_u_ry.
For Long I.
ai as in _ai_sle. ei " sl_ei_ght. ey " _ey_e. ie " die. oi " ch_oi_r. ui " g_ui_de. uy " buy. y " try.
For Short I.
e as in _E_nglish. ee " b_ee_n. ie " s_ie_ve. o " w_o_men. u " b_u_sy. ui " b_ui_ld. y " s_y_mbol.
For Long O.
au as in h_au_tboy. eau " beau. eo " y_eo_man. ew " sew. oa " b_oa_t. oe " hoe. ou " s_ou_l. ow " fl_o_w.
For Long Slender O.
oe as in shoe. ou " s_ou_p.
For Short O.
a as in w_a_s. ou " h_ou_gh. ow " kn_ow_ledge.
For Long U.
eau as in b_eau_ty. eu " f_eu_d. ew " dew. ieu " adieu. ou " y_ou_r. ue " cue. ui " s_ui_t.
For Short U.
e as in h_e_r. i " s_i_r. oe " d_oe_s. o " l_o_ve. ou " y_ou_ng.
For Short Slender U.
o as in w_o_lf. ou " w_ou_ld.
For the Diphthong OI.
oy as in joy.
For the Diphthong OU.
ow as in now.
There is no pure Triphthongal sound in the language. Buoy is equivalent to bwoy. U being a consonant.

SUBSTITUTES FOR THE CONSONANT ELEMENTS.
F.
gh as in laugh. ph " s_ph_ere.
J.
g " _g_em.
K.
c " _c_an. ch " _ch_ord. gh " hough. q " _q_uit.
S.
c " _c_ent.
T.
d " faced. phth " _phth_isic.
V.
f " of. ph " Ste_ph_en.
Y.
i " val_i_ant.
1 Z.
c " suffi_c_e. s " was. x " _X_erxes.
2 Z.
s " trea_s_ure. z " a_z_ure. si " fu_si_on. zi " gla_zi_er.
NG.
n " co_n_ch.
SH.
ce " o_ce_an. ci " so_ci_al. ch " _ch_aise. si " pen_si_on. s " _s_ure. ss " i_ss_ue. ti " no_ti_on.
CH.
ti " fus_ti_an.
B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R, have no substitutes.
The most common faults in ARTICULATION are
I. _The suppression of a syllable; as,_
cab'n for cab-_i_n. cap'n " cap-_tai_n. barr'l " bar-r_e_l. ev'ry " ev-_e_-ry. hist'ry " his-t_o_-ry reg'lar " reg-_u_-lar. sev'ral " sev-_e_r-al. rhet'ric " rhet-_o_-ric. mem'ry " mem-_o_-ry. jub'lee " ju-b_i_-lee. trav'ler " trav-_e_l-er. fam'ly " fam-_i_-ly. vent'late