Rise of the New West, 1819-1829 | Page 3

from their old homes to their new ones by road and river.
Chapter vi., off Social and Economic Development, is a picture of
frontier life in the forest and on the farm; chapter vii. brings into relief
the need of a market and the difficulty of reaching tide-water with
western products--a subject taken up again in the two later chapters on
internal improvements; chapter viii., on The Far West, goes with the
trapper into the mountains and then across the continent to California
and to Oregon, which were included in the ambitions of the buoyant
westerner.
Chapters
ix. to xi. are a narrative of a succession of national questions involving
all sections--the commercial crisis of 1819; the Missouri Compromise,
which was in good part a western question; and the slow
recrystallization of political parties after 1820. Chapter xii. is on the
Monroe Doctrine, which included eastern questions of commerce,
southern questions of nearness to Cuba, and western questions of
Latin-American neighbors. Chapters xiii. and xvii. describe the efforts
by internal improvements to help all the states, and especially to bind
the eastern and western groups together by the Cumberland Road and
by canals. Chapters xiv. to xvi. take up the tariff of 1824, the

presidential election of that year, and its political results. Chapter xviii.
brings into clear light the causes for the reaction from the ardent
nationalism described in Babcock's American Nationality. With chapter
xix., on the tariff of 1828 and the South Carolina protest, the narrative
part of the volume closes. The Critical Essay on Authorities and a
wealth of foot-notes carry the reader back to materials little studied
hitherto, and prepare the way for many detailed investigations.
The aim of the volume is not to show the Rise of the New West as
though it were a separate story, but to show how the nation found itself
in the midst of questions involving the west, and how all parts of the
Union were enriched and stimulated by the appearance of a new section.
It opens up new vistas of historical study.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE
In the present volume I have kept before myself the importance of
regarding American development as the outcome of economic and
social as well as political forces. To make plain the attitude and
influence of New England, the middle region, the south, and the west,
and of the public men who reflected the changing conditions of those
sections in the period under consideration, has been my principal
purpose.
The limits of the volume have prevented the elaboration of some points
well worthy of fuller treatment; and, by the plan of the series, certain
aspects of the period have been reserved for other writers.
I desire to express my cordial appreciation of the friendly criticism and
assistance I have received from the editor, Professor Hart. To Professor
Carl R. Fish, Professor A. A. Young, and Dr. U. B. Phillips, my
colleagues, I am indebted for a critical reading of several chapters. I
have drawn on the manuscript sources possessed by Dr. Phillips for
information on many points of southern history.
Several of the topics dealt with in the volume have been investigated by

graduate students in my seminary; particularly I have profited by the
papers of Professor Homer C. Hockett on the Missouri Compromise
and the rise of Jacksonian democracy; of Mr. Royal B. Way, now
instructor in history in Northwestern University, on internal
improvements; and of Dr. W. V. Pooley and Mr. A. C. Boggess on the
settlement of Illinois. Mr. S. J. Buck, my assistant in American history,
prepared under my direction some of the maps, particularly those of
congressional votes.
The map of western fur-trading posts in Captain Chittenden's excellent
History of the American Fur Trade furnished the basis for the map of
western posts and trails. In the construction of the map of highways and
waterways, I have used the map of H. S. Tanner, 1825, and Hewett's
American Traveller (Washington, 1825). From the maps in the
Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology have been drawn
the data for the map of Indian cessions. The editor kindly supplied the
map of Russian settlements and claims.
For the portrait of Henry Clay, which forms the frontispiece, thanks are
due to Mr. Charles Henry Hart, of Philadelphia, the owner of the
life-mask made by J. H. Browere.
FREDERICK J. TURNER.

RISE OF THE NEW WEST
CHAPTER I
NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM (1815-1830)
The history of the United States is the history of a growing nation.
Every period of its life is a transitional period, but that from the close
of the War of 1812 to the election of Andrew Jackson was peculiarly
one of readjustment. It was during this time that the new republic gave
clear evidence that it was throwing off