Renaissance in Italy, Volumes 1 and 2 | Page 2

MANSO.--Vita di T. Tasso, in Rosini's edition, vol. 33. ROSINI.--Saggio sugli Amori di T. Tasso, in edition cited above, vol. 33. GUARINI.--Il Pastor Fido. Ed. Casella. Firenze: Barbèra. 1866. MARINO.--Adone, etc. Napoli. 1861. CHIABRERA.--Ed. Polidori. Firenze: Barbèra. 1865. TASSONI.--La Secchia Rapita. Ed. Carducci. Firenze: Barbèra 1861. Il Parnaso Italiano. BAINI.--Vita di G. P. L. Palestrina. FELSINA PITTRICE.--2 vols. Bologna. 1841. LANZI.--History of Painting in Italy. English Edition. London. Bohn. Vol. 3.

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
THE SPANISH HEGEMONY.
Italy in the Renaissance--The Five Great Powers--The Kingdom of Naples--The Papacy--The Duchy of Milan--Venice--The Florentine Republic--Wars of Invasion closed by the Sack of Rome in 1527--Concordat between Clement VII. and Charles V.--Treaty of Barcelona and Paix des Dames--Charles lands at Genoa--His Journey to Bologna--Entrance into Bologna and Reception by Clement--Mustering of Italian Princes--Franceso Sforza replaced in the Duchy of Milan--Venetian Embassy--Italian League signed on Christmas Eve 1529--Florence alone excluded--The Siege of Florence pressed by the Prince of Orange--Charles's Coronation as King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor--The Significance of this Ceremony at Bologna--Ceremony in S. Petronio--Settlement of the Duchy of Ferrara--Men of Letters and Arts at Bologna--The Emperor's Use of the Spanish Habit--Charles and Clement leave Bologna in March 1530--Review of the Settlement of Italy affected by Emperor and Pope--Extinction of Republics--Subsequent Absorption of Ferrara and Urbino into the Papal States--Savoy becomes an Italian Power--Period between Charles's Coronation and the Peace of Cateau Cambresis in 1559--Economical and Social Condition of the Italians under Spanish Hegemony--The Nation still exists in Separate Communities--Intellectual Conditions--Predominance of Spain and Rome--Both Cosmopolitan Powers--Leveling down of the Component Portions of the Nation in a Common Servitude--The Evils of Spanish Rule
CHAPTER II.
THE PAPACY AND THE TRIDENTINE COUNCIL.
The Counter-Reformation--Its Intellectual and Moral Character--Causes of the Gradual Extinction of Renaissance Energy--Transition from the Renaissance to the Catholic Revival--New Religious Spirit in Italy--Attitude of Italians toward German Reformation--Oratory of Divine Love--Gasparo Contarini and the Moderate Reformers--New Religious Orders--Paul III.--His early History and Education--Political Attitude between France and Spain--Creation of the Duchy of Parma--Imminence of a General Council--Review of previous Councils--Paul's Uneasiness--Opens a Council at Trent in 1542--Protestants virtually excluded, and Catholic Dogmas confirmed in the first Sessions--Death of Paul in 1549--Julius III.--Paul IV.--Character and Ruling Passions of G. P. Caraffa--His Futile Opposition to Spain--Tyranny of His Nephews--Their Downfall--Paul devotes himself to Church Reform and the Inquisition--Pius IV.--His Minister Morone--Diplomatic Temper of this Pope--His Management of the Council--Assistance rendered by his Nephew Carlo Borromeo--Alarming State of Northern Europe--The Council reopened at Trent in 1562--Subsequent History of the Council--It closes with a complete Papal Triumph in 1563--Place of Pius IV. in History--Pius V.--The Inquisitor Pope--Population of Rome--Social Corruption--Sale of Offices and Justice--Tridentine Reforms depress Wealth--Ascetic Purity of Manners becomes fashionable--Catholic Reaction generates the Counter-Reformation--Battle of Lepanto--Gregory XIII.--His Relatives--Policy of enriching the Church at Expense of the Barons--Brigandage in States of the Church--Sixtus V.--His Stern Justice--Rigid Economy--Great Public Works--Taxation--The City of Rome assumes its present form--Nepotism in the Counter-Reformation Period--Various Estimates of the Wealth accumulated by Papal Nephews--Rise of Princely Roman Families
CHAPTER III.
THE INQUISITION AND THE INDEX.
Different Spirit in the Holy Office and the Company of Jesus--Both needed by the Counter-Reformation--Heresy in the Early Church--First Origins of the Inquisition in 1203--S. Dominic--The Holy Office becomes a Dominican Institution--Recognized by the Empire--Its early Organization--The Spanish Inquisition--Founded in 1484--How it differed from the earlier Apostolical Inquisition--Jews, Moors, New Christians--Organization and History of the Holy Office in Spain--Torquemada and his Successors--The Spanish Inquisition never introduced into Italy--How the Roman Inquisition organized by Caraffa differed from it--_Autos da fé_ in Rome--Proscription of suspected Lutherans--The Calabrian Waldenses--Protestants at Locarno and Venice--Digression on the Venetian Holy Office--Persecution of Free Thought in Literature--Growth of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum--Sanction given to it by the Council of Trent--The Roman Congregation of the Index--Final Form of the Censorship of Books under Clement VIII.--Analysis of its Regulations--Proscription of Heretical Books--Correction of Texts--Purgation and Castration--Inquisitorial and Episcopal Licenses--Working of the System of this Censorship in Italy--Its long Delays--Hostility to Sound Learning--Ignorance of the Censors--Interference with Scholars in their Work--Terrorism of Booksellers--Vatican Scheme for the Restoration of Christian Erudition--Frustrated by the Tyranny of the Index--Dishonesty of the Vatican Scholars--Biblical Studies rendered nugatory by the Tridentine Decree on the Vulgate--Decline of Learning in Universities--Miserable Servitude of Professors--Greek dies out--Muretus and Manutius in Rome--The Index and its Treatment of Political Works--Machiavelli--_Ratio Status_--Encouragement of Literature on Papal Absolutism--Sarpi's Attitude--Comparative Indifference of Rome to Books of Obscene or Immoral Tendency--Bandello and Boccaccio--Papal Attempts to control Intercourse of Italians with Heretics
CHAPTER IV.
THE COMPANY OF JESUS.
Vast Importance of the Jesuits in the Counter-Reformation--Ignatius Loyola--His Youth--Retreat at Manresa--Journey to Jerusalem--Studies in Spain and Paris--First Formation of his Order at Sainte Barbe--Sojourn at Venice--Settlement at Rome--Papal Recognition of the Order--Its Military Character--Absolutism of the General--Devotion to the Roman Church--Choice of Members--Practical and Positive Aims of the Founder--Exclusion of the Ascetic, Acceptance of the Worldly Spirit--Review of the