Problems of Poverty | Page 3

week. But unfortunately
the differences of income among the working-classes are
proportionately nearly as great as among the well-to-do classes. It is not
merely the difference between the wages of skilled and unskilled labour;
the 50s. per week of the high-class engineer, or typographer, and the 1s.
2d. per diem of the sandwich-man, or the difference between the wages

of men and women workers. There is a more important cause of
difference than these. When the average income of a working family is
named, it must not be supposed that this represents the wage of the
father of the family alone. Each family contains about 2¼ workers on
an average. This is a fact, the significance of which is obvious. In some
families, the father and mother, and one or two of the children, will be
contributors to the weekly income; in other cases, the burden of
maintaining a large family may be thrown entirely on the shoulders of a
single worker, perhaps the widowed mother. If we reckon that the
average wage of a working man is about 24s., that of a working woman
15s., we realize the strain which the loss of the male bread-winner
throws on the survivor.
In looking at the gradations of income among the working-classes, it
must be borne in mind that as you go lower down in the standard of
living, each drop in money income represents a far more than
proportionate increase of the pressure of poverty. Halve the income of a
rich man, you oblige him to retrench; he must give up his yacht, his
carriage, or other luxuries; but such retrenchment, though it may wound
his pride, will not cause him great personal discomfort. But halve the
income of a well-paid mechanic, and you reduce him and his family at
once to the verge of starvation. A drop from 25s. to 12s. 6d. a week
involves a vastly greater sacrifice than a drop from £500 to £250 a year.
A working-class family, however comfortably it may live with a full
contingent of regular workers, is almost always liable, by sickness,
death, or loss of employment, to be reduced in a few weeks to a
position of penury.
§ 3. Measurement of East London Poverty.--This brief account of the
inequality of incomes has brought us by successive steps down to the
real object of our inquiry, the amount and the intensity of poverty. For
it is not inequality of income, but actual suffering, which moves the
heart of humanity. What do we know of the numbers and the life of
those who lie below the average, and form the lower orders of the
working- classes?
Some years ago the civilized world was startled by the Bitter Cry of

Outcast London, and much trouble has been taken of late to gauge the
poverty of London. A host of active missionaries are now at work,
engaged in religious, moral, and sanitary teaching, in charitable relief,
or in industrial organization. But perhaps the most valuable work has
been that which has had no such directly practical object in view, but
has engaged itself in the collection of trustworthy information. Mr
Charles Booth's book, The Labour and Life of the People, has an
importance far in advance of that considerable attention which it has
received. Its essential value is not merely that it supplies, for the first
time, a large and carefully collected fund of facts for the formation of
sound opinions and the explosion of fallacies, but that it lays down
lines of a new branch of social study, in the pursuit of which the most
delicate intellectual interests will be identified with a close and
absorbing devotion to the practical issues of life.
In the study of poverty, the work of Mr. Booth and his collaborators
may truly rank as an epoch-making work.
For the purpose we have immediately before us, the measurement of
poverty, the figures supplied in this book are invaluable.
Considerations of space will compel us to confine our attention to such
figures as will serve to mark the extent and meaning of city poverty in
London. But though, as will be seen, the industrial causes of London
poverty are in some respects peculiar, there is every reason to believe
that the extent and nature of poverty does not widely differ in all large
centres of population.
The area which Mr. Booth places under microscopic observation covers
Shoreditch, Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, St. George's in the East,
Stepney, Mile End, Old Town, Poplar, Hackney, and comprises a
population 891,539. Of these no less than 316,000, or 35 per cent,
belong to families whose weekly earnings amount to less than 21s. This
35 per cent, compose the "poor," according to the estimate of Mr.
Booth, and it will be worth while to note the