Practical Mechanics for Boys | Page 5

REQUIREMENTS.--The machinist's trade is one which
requires the most varied tools of all occupations, and they are by all
odds the most expensive to be found in the entire list of vocations.
[Illustration: Fig. 1. Bench Vise.]
This arises from the fact that he must work with the most stubborn of
all materials. He finds resistance at every step in bringing forth a
product.
LIST OF TOOLS.--With a view of familiarizing the boy with this great
variety the following list is compiled, from which we shall select the
ones essential in the initial equipment of a small shop.
VISES.--One small, good vise is infinitely preferable to two bad ones.
For ordinary work a 3-inch jaw is preferable, and it should be firmly
mounted on the bench. So many kinds are now made that it would be a
costly thing to purchase one for each special use, therefore the boy will
find it profitable to make some attachments for the ordinary vise.
[Illustration: Fig. 2. Pipe Grip for Vise.]

SWIVEL VISES.--A swivel vise is always a good tool, the cost being
not excessive over the ordinary kind. Then a pair of grips for holding
pipe, or round material which is to be threaded, can readily be made.
The drawing (Fig. 2) shows a serviceable pair of grips, made to fit the
jaws of a vise, and will be acceptable in much of the work. Then, the
vise should be provided with copper caps for the jaws to be used when
making up articles which would otherwise be injured by the jaws.
[Illustration: Fig. 3. Swivel Vise.]
Let us get a comprehensive view of the different kinds of tools
necessary in a fully equipped shop.
PARTS OF LATHE.--The first thing of importance is the lathe, and of
these there is quite a variety, and among the accompaniments are the
slide rest, mandrel, back gear, division plate, angle plate, cone plate and
various chucks.
There must also be change wheels, studs and quadrant plates,
self-acting feed for surfacing and cross slide, and clamping nuts.
Drilling machines, both hand and power, hand and ratchet braces and
breast-drill stocks.
[Illustration: Fig. 4--Speed Lathe.]
CHISELS.--Chisels of various kinds, for chipping and cross-cutting;
round-nosed, centering, set punches, tommies and drifts.
Back, tee and centering square; bevels, spirit level, inside and outside
calipers, straight edges, rules and surface plates.
Gages for boring, scribing blocks, steel and brass scribes, stocks and
dies, screw-plates, taps for bolts, reamers.
[Illustration: Fig. 5. Calipers]
Files for various descriptions, countersinks, frame and hack saws.

GRINDING APPARATUS.--Emery wheel, cloth and paper, paper,
flour emery, polishing powders, laps and buffs, and polishing sticks.
[Illustration: Fig. 6. Engine Lathe. A. Lathe Bed B. Rack Gear C. Live
Center D. Dead Center E. Dead Spindle F. Face Plate G. Feed Screw
H. Train of Gears I. Head Stock J. Mandrel K. Cone Pulley L. Angle
Plate for Tool Holder M. Tool Post N. Tail Stock O. Wheel for Slide
Rest Mechanism P. Locking Lever for Tail Stock.]
Forge, anvils, tongs, swages, punches, bolt tools, hot and cold chisels,
blow-pipe, soldering iron, hard and soft solders, borax, spirits of salts,
oil, resin and spelter.
To this may be added an endless variety of small bench tools,
micrometers, protractors, arbors, collets, box tools and scrapers.
[Illustration: Fig. 7. Center Gage.]
LARGE MACHINES.--The list would not be complete without the
planer, shaper and milling machine, with their variety of chucks,
clamps and other attachments, too numerous to mention.
The foregoing show what a wonderful variety of articles are found in a
well-equipped shop, all of which can be conveniently used; but to the
boy who has only a small amount of money, a workable set is indicated
as follows:
A small lathe, with an 8-inch swing, can be obtained at a low cost,
provided with a countershaft complete.
CHUCKS.--With this should go a small chuck, and a face-plate for
large work, unless a large chuck can also be acquired. This, with a
dozen tools of various sizes, and also small bits for drilling purposes.
The lathe will answer all purposes for drilling, but small drilling
machines are now furnished at very low figures, and such a machine
will take off a great deal of duty from the lathe.

[Illustration: Fig. 8. Pocket Screw and Wire Gage.]
As the lathe is of prime importance, never use it for drilling, if you
have a driller, as it always has enough work to do for tuning up work.
BENCH TOOLS.--Of bench tools, a 3-inch vise, various files, center
punch, two hammers, round and A-shaped peons, hack saw, compasses,
inside and outside calipers, screw driver, cold chisels, metal square,
level, straight edge, bevel square, reamers, small emery wheel and an
oil stone, make a fairly good outfit to start with, and these can be added
to from