Outlines of the Earths History | Page 2

Rocks near
San Francisco, California 33 Lava stream, in Hawaiian Islands, flowing
into the sea 72 Waterfall near Gadsden, Alabama 90 South shore,
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts 121 Pocket Creek, Cape Ann,
Massachusetts 163 Muir Glacier, Alaska 207 Front of Muir Glacier 240
Mount Ætna, seen from near Catania 201 Mountain gorge, Himalayas,
India 330

OUTLINES OF THE EARTH'S HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF NATURE.
The object of this book is to give the student who is about to enter on
the study of natural science some general idea as to the conditions of
the natural realm. As this field of inquiry is vast, it will be possible only

to give the merest outline of its subject-matter, noting those features
alone which are of surpassing interest, which are demanded for a large
understanding of man's place in this world, or which pertain to his
duties in life.
In entering on any field of inquiry, it is most desirable that the student
should obtain some idea as to the ways in which men have been led to
the knowledge which they possess concerning the world about them.
Therefore it will be well briefly to sketch the steps by which natural
science has come to be what it is. By so doing we shall perceive how
much we owe to the students of other generations; and by noting the
difficulties which they encountered, and how they avoided them, we
shall more easily find our own way to knowledge.
The primitive savages, who were the ancestors of all men, however
civilized they may be, were students of Nature. The remnants of these
lowly people who were left in different parts of the world show us that
man was not long in existence before he began to devise some
explanation concerning the course of events in the outer world. Seeing
the sun rise and set, the changes of the moon, the alternation of the
seasons, the incessant movement of the streams and sea, and the other
more or less orderly successions of events, our primitive forefathers
were driven to invent some explanation of them. This, independently,
and in many different times and places, they did in a simple and natural
way by supposing that the world was controlled by a host of intelligent
beings, each of which had some part in ordering material things.
Sometimes these invisible powers were believed to be the spirits of
great chieftains, who were active when on earth, and who after death
continued to exercise their power in the larger realms of Nature. Again,
and perhaps more commonly, these movements of Nature were
supposed to be due to the action of great though invisible beasts, much
like those which the savage found about him. Thus among our North
American Indians the winds are explained by the supposition that the
air is fanned by the wings of a great unseen bird, whose duty it is to set
the atmosphere into motion. That no one has ever seen the bird doing
the work, or that the task is too great for any conceivable bird, is to the
simple, uncultivated man no objection to this view. It is long, indeed,

before education brings men to the point where they can criticise their
first explanations of Nature.
As men in their advance come to see how much nobler are their own
natures than those of the lower animals, they gradually put aside the
explanation of events by the actions of beasts, and account for the order
of the world by the supposition that each and every important detail is
controlled by some immortal creature essentially like a man, though
much more powerful than those of their own kind. This stage of
understanding is perhaps best shown by the mythology of the Greeks,
where there was a great god over all, very powerful but not omnipotent;
and beneath him, in endless successions of command, subordinate
powers, each with a less range of duties and capacities than those of
higher estate, until at the bottom of the system there were minor deities
and demigods charged with the management of the trees, the flowers,
and the springs--creatures differing little from man, except that they
were immortal, and generally invisible, though they, like all the other
deities, might at their will display themselves to the human beings over
whom they watched, and whose path in life they guided.
Among only one people do we find that the process of advance led
beyond this early and simple method of accounting for the processes of
Nature, bringing men to an understanding such as we now possess.
This great task was accomplished by the Greeks alone. About
twenty-five hundred years ago the philosophers of Greece began to
perceive that the early notion as to the guidance of the