Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education

㊤
Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of
Education, by Ontario Ministry of Education This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education
Author: Ontario Ministry of Education
Release Date: May 25, 2006 [EBook #18451]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONTARIO NORMAL SCHOOL ***

Produced by Suzanne Lybarger and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)

ONTARIO NORMAL SCHOOL MANUALS
SCIENCE OF EDUCATION
AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION
TORONTO THE RYERSON PRESS
COPYRIGHT, CANADA, 1915, BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR ONTARIO
Second Printing, 1919. Third Printing, 1923.

CONTENTS

PART I
THE PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION

CHAPTER I
PAGE
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF EDUCATION 1 Conditions of Growth and Development 2 Worth in Human Life 4 Factors in Social Efficiency 6
CHAPTER II
FORMS OF REACTION 9 Instinctive Reaction 9 Habitual Reaction 10 Conscious Reaction 11 Factors in process 12 Experience 13 Relative value of experiences 15 Influence of Conscious Reaction 17
CHAPTER III
PROCESS OF EDUCATION 19 Conscious Adjustment 19 Education as Adjustment 19 Education as Control of Adjustment 22 Requirements of the Instructor 24
CHAPTER IV
THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM 25 Purposes of Curriculum 25 Dangers in Use of Curriculum 28
CHAPTER V
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 34 The School 34 Other Educative Agents 35 The church 35 The home 36 The vocation 36 Other institutions 36
CHAPTER VI
THE PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL 38 Civic Views 38 Individualistic Views 40 The Eclectic View 43
CHAPTER VII
DIVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL STUDY 46 Control of Experience 46 The Instructor's Problems 48 General method 49 Special methods 49 School management 50 History of education 50

PART II
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER VIII
GENERAL METHOD 52 Subdivisions of Method 52 Method and Mind 53
CHAPTER IX
THE LESSON PROBLEM 55 Nature of Problem 55 Need of Problem 57 Pupil's Motive 59 Awakening Interest 61 Knowledge of Problem 67 How to Set Problem 69 Examples of Motivation 71
CHAPTER X
LEARNING AS A SELECTING ACTIVITY 75 The Selecting Process 77 Law of Preparation 82 Value of preparation 83 Precautions 84 Necessity of preparation 85 Examples of preparation 86
CHAPTER XI
LEARNING AS A RELATING ACTIVITY 89 Nature of Synthesis 90 Interaction of Processes 91 Knowledge unified 94
CHAPTER XII
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 95 Types of Action 96 Nature of Expression 97 Types of Expression 99 Value of Expression 100 Dangers of Omitting 102 Expression and Impression 103
CHAPTER XIII
FORMS OF LESSON PRESENTATION 106 The Lecture Method 106 The Text-book Method 109 Uses of text-book 111 Abuse of text-book 113 The Developing Method 113 The Objective Method 116 The Illustrative Method 118 Precautions 119 Modes of Presentation Compared 121
CHAPTER XIV
CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 122
Acquisition of Particular Knowledge 122 Through senses 122 Through imagination 122 By deduction 123 Acquisition of General Knowledge 124 By conception 124 By induction 125 Applied knowledge general 126 Processes of Acquiring Knowledge Similar 127
CHAPTER XV
MODES OF LEARNING 129 Development of Particular Knowledge 129 Learning through senses 129 Learning through imagination 131 Learning by deduction 133 Examples for study 137 Development of General Knowledge 139 The conceptual lesson 139 The inductive lesson 140 The formal steps 141 Conception as learning process 143 Induction as learning process 144 Further examples 145 The inductive-deductive lesson 148
CHAPTER XVI
THE LESSON UNIT 150 Whole to Parts 151 Parts to Whole 154 Precautions 155
CHAPTER XVII
LESSON TYPES 156 The Study Lesson 157 The Recitation Lesson 160 Conducting recitation lesson 161 The Drill Lesson 162 The Review Lesson 165 The topical review 166 The comparative review 169
CHAPTER XVIII
QUESTIONING 171 Qualifications of Good Questioner 171 Purposes of Questioning 173 Socratic Questioning 174 The Question 177 The Answer 179 Limitations 181

PART III
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER XIX
CONSCIOUSNESS 183 Value of Educational Psychology 186 Limitations 186 Methods of Psychology 187 Phases of Consciousness 189
CHAPTER XX
MIND AND BODY 192 The Nervous System 192 The Cortex 198 Reflex Acts 199 Characteristics of Nervous Matter 202
CHAPTER XXI
INSTINCT 207 Human Instincts 209 Curiosity 214 Imitation 217 Play 221 Play in education 223
CHAPTER XXII
HABIT 226 Formation of Habits 230 Value of Habits 231 Improvement of Habits 234
CHAPTER XXIII
ATTENTION 237 Attention Selective 240 Involuntary Attention 243 Non-voluntary Attention 245 Voluntary Attention 246 Attention in Education 251
CHAPTER XXIV
THE FEELING OF INTEREST 257 Classes of Feelings 258 Interest in Education 261 Development of interests 264
CHAPTER XXV
SENSE PERCEPTION 267 Genesis of Perception 270 Factors in Sensation 273 Classification of Sensations 274 Education of the Senses 276
CHAPTER XXVI
MEMORY AND APPERCEPTION 282 Distinguished 283 Factors of Memory 284 Conditions of Memory 285 Types of Recall 288 Localization of Time 290 Classification of Memories 290 Memory in Education 291 Apperception 293 Conditions of Apperception 294 Factors in Apperception 296
CHAPTER XXVII
IMAGINATION 298 Types of Imagination 299 Passive 299 Active 300 Uses of Imagination 301
CHAPTER