Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education

Ontario Normal School Manuals:
Science of Education

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Science of
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Title: Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education
Author: Ontario Ministry of Education
Release Date: May 25, 2006 [EBook #18451]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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ONTARIO NORMAL SCHOOL MANUALS
SCIENCE OF EDUCATION
AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION
TORONTO THE RYERSON PRESS
COPYRIGHT, CANADA, 1915, BY THE MINISTER OF
EDUCATION FOR ONTARIO
Second Printing, 1919. Third Printing, 1923.

CONTENTS

PART I
THE PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION

CHAPTER I
PAGE
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF EDUCATION 1 Conditions of Growth
and Development 2 Worth in Human Life 4 Factors in Social
Efficiency 6
CHAPTER II
FORMS OF REACTION 9 Instinctive Reaction 9 Habitual Reaction 10
Conscious Reaction 11 Factors in process 12 Experience 13 Relative

value of experiences 15 Influence of Conscious Reaction 17
CHAPTER III
PROCESS OF EDUCATION 19 Conscious Adjustment 19 Education
as Adjustment 19 Education as Control of Adjustment 22 Requirements
of the Instructor 24
CHAPTER IV
THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM 25 Purposes of Curriculum 25
Dangers in Use of Curriculum 28
CHAPTER V
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 34 The School 34 Other Educative
Agents 35 The church 35 The home 36 The vocation 36 Other
institutions 36
CHAPTER VI
THE PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL 38 Civic Views 38 Individualistic
Views 40 The Eclectic View 43
CHAPTER VII
DIVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL STUDY 46 Control of Experience
46 The Instructor's Problems 48 General method 49 Special methods 49
School management 50 History of education 50

PART II
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER VIII
GENERAL METHOD 52 Subdivisions of Method 52 Method and
Mind 53
CHAPTER IX
THE LESSON PROBLEM 55 Nature of Problem 55 Need of Problem
57 Pupil's Motive 59 Awakening Interest 61 Knowledge of Problem 67
How to Set Problem 69 Examples of Motivation 71
CHAPTER X
LEARNING AS A SELECTING ACTIVITY 75 The Selecting Process
77 Law of Preparation 82 Value of preparation 83 Precautions 84
Necessity of preparation 85 Examples of preparation 86
CHAPTER XI
LEARNING AS A RELATING ACTIVITY 89 Nature of Synthesis 90
Interaction of Processes 91 Knowledge unified 94
CHAPTER XII
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 95 Types of Action 96 Nature of
Expression 97 Types of Expression 99 Value of Expression 100
Dangers of Omitting 102 Expression and Impression 103
CHAPTER XIII
FORMS OF LESSON PRESENTATION 106 The Lecture Method 106
The Text-book Method 109 Uses of text-book 111 Abuse of text-book
113 The Developing Method 113 The Objective Method 116 The
Illustrative Method 118 Precautions 119 Modes of Presentation
Compared 121
CHAPTER XIV

CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 122
Acquisition of Particular Knowledge 122 Through senses 122 Through
imagination 122 By deduction 123 Acquisition of General Knowledge
124 By conception 124 By induction 125 Applied knowledge general
126 Processes of Acquiring Knowledge Similar 127
CHAPTER XV
MODES OF LEARNING 129 Development of Particular Knowledge
129 Learning through senses 129 Learning through imagination 131
Learning by deduction 133 Examples for study 137 Development of
General Knowledge 139 The conceptual lesson 139 The inductive
lesson 140 The formal steps 141 Conception as learning process 143
Induction as learning process 144 Further examples 145 The
inductive-deductive lesson 148
CHAPTER XVI
THE LESSON UNIT 150 Whole to Parts 151 Parts to Whole 154
Precautions 155
CHAPTER XVII
LESSON TYPES 156 The Study Lesson 157 The Recitation Lesson
160 Conducting recitation lesson 161 The Drill Lesson 162 The
Review Lesson 165 The topical review 166 The comparative review
169
CHAPTER XVIII
QUESTIONING 171 Qualifications of Good Questioner 171 Purposes
of Questioning 173 Socratic Questioning 174 The Question 177 The
Answer 179 Limitations 181

PART III
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER XIX
CONSCIOUSNESS 183 Value of Educational Psychology 186
Limitations 186 Methods of Psychology 187 Phases of Consciousness
189
CHAPTER XX
MIND AND BODY 192 The Nervous System 192 The Cortex 198
Reflex Acts 199 Characteristics of Nervous Matter 202
CHAPTER XXI
INSTINCT 207 Human Instincts 209 Curiosity 214 Imitation 217 Play
221 Play in education 223
CHAPTER XXII
HABIT 226 Formation of Habits 230 Value of Habits 231
Improvement of Habits 234
CHAPTER XXIII
ATTENTION 237 Attention Selective 240 Involuntary Attention 243
Non-voluntary Attention 245 Voluntary Attention 246 Attention in
Education 251
CHAPTER XXIV
THE FEELING OF INTEREST 257 Classes of Feelings 258 Interest in
Education 261 Development of interests 264

CHAPTER