On the Genesis of Species | Page 2

America; to China and Australia; to North America and {x} China; to New Zealand and South America; to South America and Tasmania; to South America and Australia.--Pleurodont lizards.--Insectivorous mammals.--Similarity of European and South American frogs.--Analogy between European salmon and fishes of New Zealand, &c.--An ancient Antarctic continent probable.--Other modes of accounting for facts of distribution.--Independent origin of closely similar forms.--Conclusion ... Page 144
CHAPTER VIII.
HOMOLOGIES.
Animals made up of parts mutually related in various ways.--What homology is.--Its various kinds.--Serial homology.--Lateral homology.--Vertical homology.--Mr. Herbert Spencer's explanations.--An internal power necessary, as shown by facts of comparative anatomy.---Of teratology.--M. St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr. William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of individual development diminishes the improbability of an analogous law of specific origination ... Page 155
CHAPTER IX.
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS.
The origin of morals an inquiry not foreign to the subject of this book.--Modern utilitarian view as to that origin.--Mr. Darwin's speculation as to the origin of the abhorrence of incest.--Cause assigned by him insufficient.--Care of the aged and infirm opposed by "Natural Selection;" also self-abnegation and asceticism.--Distinctness of the ideas right and useful.--Mr. John Stuart Mill.--Insufficiency of "Natural Selection" to account for the origin of the distinction between duty and profit.--Distinction of moral acts into material and formal.--No ground{xi} for believing that formal morality exists in brutes.--Evidence that it does exist in savages.--Facility with which savages may be misunderstood.--Objections as to diversity of customs.--Mr. Button's review of Mr. Herbert Spencer.--Anticipatory character of morals.--Sir John Lubbock's explanation.--Summary and conclusion ... Page 188
CHAPTER X.
PANGENESIS.
A provisional hypothesis supplementing "Natural Selection."--Statement of the hypothesis.--Difficulty as to multitude of gemmules.--As to certain modes of reproduction.--As to formations without the requisite gemmules.--Mr. Lewes and Professor Delpino.--Difficulty as to developmental force of gemmules.--As to their spontaneous fission.--Pangenesis and Vitalism.--Paradoxical reality.--Pangenesis scarcely superior to anterior hypotheses.--Buffon.--Owen.--Herbert Spencer.--Gemmules as mysterious as "physiological units."--Conclusion ... Page 208
CHAPTER XI.
SPECIFIC GENESIS.
Review of the statements and arguments of preceding chapters.--Cumulative argument against predominant action of "Natural Selection."--Whether anything positive as well as negative can be enunciated.--Constancy of laws of nature does not necessarily imply constancy of specific evolution.--Possible exceptional stability of existing epoch.--Probability that an internal cause of change exists.--Innate powers somewhere must be accepted.--Symbolism of molecular action under vibrating impulses. Professor Owen's statement.--Statement of the Author's view.--It avoids the difficulties which oppose "Natural Selection."--It harmonizes apparently conflicting conceptions.--Summary and conclusion ... Page 220 [Page xii]
CHAPTER XII.
THEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION.
Prejudiced opinions on the subject.--"Creation" sometimes denied from prejudice.--The unknowable.--Mr. Herbert Spencer's objections to theism; to creation.--Meanings of term "creation."--Confusion from not distinguishing between "primary" and "derivative" creation.--Mr. Darwin's objections.--Bearing of Christianity on evolution.--Supposed opposition, the result of a misconception.--Theological authority not opposed to evolution.--St. Augustin.--St. Thomas Aquinas.--Certain consequences of want of flexibility of mind.--Reason and imagination.--The first cause and demonstration.--Parallel between Christianity and natural theology.--What evolution of species is.--Professor Agassiz.--Innate powers must be recognized.--Bearing of evolution on religious belief.--Professor Huxley.--Professor Owen.--Mr. Wallace.--Mr. Darwin.--A priori conception of Divine action.--Origin of man.--Absolute creation and dogma.--Mr. Wallace's view.--A supernatural origin for man's body not necessary.--Two orders of being in man.--Two modes of origin.--Harmony of the physical, hyperphysical, and supernatural.--Reconciliation of science and religion as regards evolution.--Conclusion ... Page 243
INDEX ... Page 289
{xiii} LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Leaf Butterfly in flight and repose (from Mr. A. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago") ... 31
Walking-Leaf Insect ... 35
Pleuronectid?, with the peculiarly placed eye in different positions (from Dr. Traquair's paper in Linn. Soc. Trans., 1865) ... 37, 166
Mouth of Whale (from Professor Owen's "Odontography") ... 40
Four plates of Baleen seen obliquely from within (from Professor Owen's "Odontography") ... 41
Dugong ... 41, 175
Echinus or Sea Urchin ... 43, 167
Pedicellari? of Echinus very much enlarged ... 44
Rattlesnake ... 49
Cobra (from Sir Andrew Smith's "Southern Africa") ... 50
Wingbones of Pterodactyle, Bat, and Bird (from Mr. Andrew Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals") ... 64, 130, 157
Skeleton of Flying-Dragon ... 65, 158
Centipede (from a specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons) ... 66, 159
Teeth of Urotrichus and Perameles ... 68
The Archeopteryx (from Professor Owen's "Anatomy of Vertebrata") ... 73, 132
{xiv} Cuttle-Fish ... 75, 141
Skeleton of Ichthyosaurus ... 78, 107, 132, 177
Cytheridea Torosa (from Messrs. Brady and Robertson's paper in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1870) ... 79
A Polyzoon, with Bird's-head processes ... 80
Bird's-head processes greatly enlarged ... 81
Antechimis Minutissimus and Mus Delicatulus (from Mr. Andrew Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals") ... 82
Outlines of Wings of Butterflies of Celebes compared with those of allied species elsewhere ... 86
Great Shielded Grasshopper ... 89
The Six-shafted Bird of Paradise ... 90
The Long-tailed Bird of Paradise ... 91
The Red Bird of Paradise ... 92
Horned Flies ... 93
The Magnificent Bird of Paradise ... 93
(The above seven figures are from Mr. A. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago")
Much enlarged horizontal Section of the Tooth of a Labyrinthodon (from Professor Owen's "Odontography") ... 104
Hand of the Potto (from life) ... 105
Skeleton of Plesiosaurus ... 106, 133
The Aye-Aye