On the Genesis of Species | Page 2

Darwinian evolution.--High
organization of Silurian forms of life.--Absence of fossils in oldest
rocks.--Summary and conclusion ... Page 128
CHAPTER VII.
SPECIES AND SPACE.
The geographical distribution of animals presents difficulties.--These
not insurmountable in themselves; harmonize with other
difficulties.--Fresh-water fishes.--Forms common to Africa and India;
to Africa and South America; to China and Australia; to North America
and {x} China; to New Zealand and South America; to South America
and Tasmania; to South America and Australia.--Pleurodont
lizards.--Insectivorous mammals.--Similarity of European and South

American frogs.--Analogy between European salmon and fishes of
New Zealand, &c.--An ancient Antarctic continent probable.--Other
modes of accounting for facts of distribution.--Independent origin of
closely similar forms.--Conclusion ... Page 144
CHAPTER VIII.
HOMOLOGIES.
Animals made up of parts mutually related in various ways.--What
homology is.--Its various kinds.--Serial homology.--Lateral
homology.--Vertical homology.--Mr. Herbert Spencer's
explanations.--An internal power necessary, as shown by facts of
comparative anatomy.---Of teratology.--M. St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt
Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr.
William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of individual
development diminishes the improbability of an analogous law of
specific origination ... Page 155
CHAPTER IX.
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS.
The origin of morals an inquiry not foreign to the subject of this
book.--Modern utilitarian view as to that origin.--Mr. Darwin's
speculation as to the origin of the abhorrence of incest.--Cause assigned
by him insufficient.--Care of the aged and infirm opposed by "Natural
Selection;" also self-abnegation and asceticism.--Distinctness of the
ideas right and useful.--Mr. John Stuart Mill.--Insufficiency of "Natural
Selection" to account for the origin of the distinction between duty and
profit.--Distinction of moral acts into material and formal.--No
ground{xi} for believing that formal morality exists in
brutes.--Evidence that it does exist in savages.--Facility with which
savages may be misunderstood.--Objections as to diversity of
customs.--Mr. Button's review of Mr. Herbert Spencer.--Anticipatory
character of morals.--Sir John Lubbock's explanation.--Summary and
conclusion ... Page 188

CHAPTER X.
PANGENESIS.
A provisional hypothesis supplementing "Natural
Selection."--Statement of the hypothesis.--Difficulty as to multitude of
gemmules.--As to certain modes of reproduction.--As to formations
without the requisite gemmules.--Mr. Lewes and Professor
Delpino.--Difficulty as to developmental force of gemmules.--As to
their spontaneous fission.--Pangenesis and Vitalism.--Paradoxical
reality.--Pangenesis scarcely superior to anterior
hypotheses.--Buffon.--Owen.--Herbert Spencer.--Gemmules as
mysterious as "physiological units."--Conclusion ... Page 208
CHAPTER XI.
SPECIFIC GENESIS.
Review of the statements and arguments of preceding
chapters.--Cumulative argument against predominant action of "Natural
Selection."--Whether anything positive as well as negative can be
enunciated.--Constancy of laws of nature does not necessarily imply
constancy of specific evolution.--Possible exceptional stability of
existing epoch.--Probability that an internal cause of change
exists.--Innate powers somewhere must be accepted.--Symbolism of
molecular action under vibrating impulses. Professor Owen's
statement.--Statement of the Author's view.--It avoids the difficulties
which oppose "Natural Selection."--It harmonizes apparently
conflicting conceptions.--Summary and conclusion ... Page 220 [Page
xii]
CHAPTER XII.
THEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION.
Prejudiced opinions on the subject.--"Creation" sometimes denied from
prejudice.--The unknowable.--Mr. Herbert Spencer's objections to

theism; to creation.--Meanings of term "creation."--Confusion from not
distinguishing between "primary" and "derivative" creation.--Mr.
Darwin's objections.--Bearing of Christianity on evolution.--Supposed
opposition, the result of a misconception.--Theological authority not
opposed to evolution.--St. Augustin.--St. Thomas Aquinas.--Certain
consequences of want of flexibility of mind.--Reason and
imagination.--The first cause and demonstration.--Parallel between
Christianity and natural theology.--What evolution of species
is.--Professor Agassiz.--Innate powers must be recognized.--Bearing of
evolution on religious belief.--Professor Huxley.--Professor Owen.--Mr.
Wallace.--Mr. Darwin.--A priori conception of Divine action.--Origin
of man.--Absolute creation and dogma.--Mr. Wallace's view.--A
supernatural origin for man's body not necessary.--Two orders of being
in man.--Two modes of origin.--Harmony of the physical,
hyperphysical, and supernatural.--Reconciliation of science and
religion as regards evolution.--Conclusion ... Page 243
INDEX ... Page 289
{xiii} LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Leaf Butterfly in flight and repose (from Mr. A. Wallace's "Malay
Archipelago") ... 31
Walking-Leaf Insect ... 35
Pleuronectidæ, with the peculiarly placed eye in different positions
(from Dr. Traquair's paper in Linn. Soc. Trans., 1865) ... 37, 166
Mouth of Whale (from Professor Owen's "Odontography") ... 40
Four plates of Baleen seen obliquely from within (from Professor
Owen's "Odontography") ... 41
Dugong ... 41, 175
Echinus or Sea Urchin ... 43, 167

Pedicellariæ of Echinus very much enlarged ... 44
Rattlesnake ... 49
Cobra (from Sir Andrew Smith's "Southern Africa") ... 50
Wingbones of Pterodactyle, Bat, and Bird (from Mr. Andrew Murray's
"Geographical Distribution of Mammals") ... 64, 130, 157
Skeleton of Flying-Dragon ... 65, 158
Centipede (from a specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons) ... 66, 159
Teeth of Urotrichus and Perameles ... 68
The Archeopteryx (from Professor Owen's "Anatomy of Vertebrata") ...
73, 132
{xiv} Cuttle-Fish ... 75, 141
Skeleton of Ichthyosaurus ... 78, 107, 132, 177
Cytheridea Torosa (from Messrs. Brady and Robertson's paper in Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1870) ... 79
A Polyzoon, with Bird's-head processes ... 80
Bird's-head processes greatly enlarged ... 81
Antechimis Minutissimus and Mus Delicatulus (from Mr. Andrew
Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals") ... 82
Outlines of