On the Brain | Page 3

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This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher

NOTE ON THE RESEMBLANCES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE
STRUCTURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN
MAN AND APES
BY
PROFESSOR T.H. HUXLEY, F.R.S.
[This essay is taken from 'The Descent of Man and Selection in relation
to Sex' by Charles Darwin where it appears at the end of
Chapter VII
which is also the end of
Part I. Footnotes are
numbered as they appear in 'The Descent of Man.']
The controversy respecting the nature and the extent of the differences
in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose some
fifteen years ago, has not yet come to an end, though the subject matter
of the dispute is, at present, totally different from what it was formerly.
It was originally asserted and re-asserted, with singular pertinacity, that

the brain of all the apes, even the highest, differs from that of man, in
the absence of such conspicuous structures as the posterior lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres, with the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle
and the hippocampus minor, contained in those lobes, which are so
obvious in man.
But the truth that the three structures in question are as well developed
in apes' as in human brains, or even better; and that it is characteristic
of all the Primates (if we exclude the Lemurs) to have these parts well
developed, stands at present on as secure a basis as any proposition in
comparative anatomy. Moreover, it is admitted by every one of the
long series of anatomists who, of late years, have paid special attention
to the arrangement of the complicated sulci and gyri which appear upon
the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in man and the higher apes, that
they are disposed after the very same pattern in him, as in them. Every
principal gyrus and sulcus of a chimpanzee's brain is clearly
represented in that of a man, so that the terminology which applies to
the one answers for the other. On this point there is no difference of
opinion. Some years since, Professor Bischoff published a memoir (70.
'Die Grosshirn- Windungen des Menschen;' 'Abhandlungen der K.
Bayerischen Akademie,' B. x. 1868.) on the cerebral convolutions of
man and apes; and as the purpose of my learned colleague was
certainly not to diminish the value of the differences between apes and
men in this respect, I am glad to make a citation from him.
"That the apes, and especially the orang, chimpanzee and gorilla, come
very close to man in their organisation, much nearer than to any other
animal, is a well known fact, disputed by nobody. Looking at the
matter