Notes and Queries, Number 58, December 7, 1850 | Page 2

Herodotus, of its being held sacred in the nome of Papremis. But, in the first place, it does not follow that, because the hippopotamus was held sacred in the Papremitic nome, it was found in the {458} Nile as low as that district. In the next place, there is nothing in the words of Herodotus to indicate that he had seen the object of his description. (ii. 71.) On the other hand, the substance of his description tends strongly to the inference that he had not seen the animal. It is difficult to conceive that any eye-witness could have described a hippopotamus as having the hoofs of an ox, with the mane and tail of a horse. His information as to javelins being made of its skin was doubtless correct, and he may perhaps have seen some of these weapons. Cuvier conjectures that the original author of the description in Herodotus had seen only the teeth and some part of the skin of the real hippopotamus; but that the other particulars were taken from a figure or description of the gnu (Trad. de Pline, tom. vi. p. 444.) This supposition is improbable, for the gnu is an animal of Southern Africa, and was doubtless unknown to the Egyptians in the time of Herodotus. Moreover, Cuvier is in error as to the statement of Herodotus respecting the animal's size: he says that the animal is equal in size, not to an ass, but to the largest ox. The statement as to the ass is to be found in Arist. Hist. An., ii. 7. Cuvier's note is hastily written; for he says that Diodorus describes the hippopotamus as equalling the strongest bulls,--a statement not to be found in Diodorus. (i. 35.) His judgment, however, is clear, as to the point that none of the ancient naturalists described the hippopotamus from autopsy. The writer of the accurate history of the hippopotamus in the Penny Cyclop?dia, vol. xii. p. 247., likewise takes the same view. If Achilles Tatius is correct in stating that "the horse of the Nile" was the native Egyptian name of the animal, it is probable that the resemblance to the horse indicated in the description of Herodotus, was supplied by the imagination of some informant.
In the mosaic of Palestrina (see Barthelemy in Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscript., tom. xxx. p. 503.), the hippopotamus appears three times in the lower part of the composition, at the left-hand corner. Two entire figures are represented, and one head of an animal sinking into the river. Men in a boat are throwing darts at them, some of which are sticking in their backs. (See Ib. p. 521.) Diodorus (i. 35.) describes the hippopotamus as being harpooned, and caught in a manner similar to the whale. Barthelemy properly rejects the supposition that the mosaic of Palestrina is the one alluded to by Pliny (Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 64.) as having been constructed by Sylla. He places it in the time of Hadrian, and supposes it to represent a district of Upper Egypt, with which the introduction of the hippopotamus well accords. The true form of the hippopotamus was unknown in Italy in the time of Sylla.
The word [Greek: hippopotamos] as used by the Latin writers, instead of [Greek: hippos potamios] occurs in Lucian (Rhet. Pr?cept., c. 6.). The author of the Cynegetica, who addresses his poem to the Emperor Caracalla, describes the hippopotamus under the name of [Greek: hippagros], "the wild horse," compounded like [Greek: onagros] (iii. 251-61.). In this passage the old error as to the cloven hoofs and the mane is repeated. It is added that the animal will not endure captivity; but if any one is snared by means of ropes, he refuses to eat or drink. That this latter statement is fabulous, is proved by the hippopotamus taken alive to Constantinople, and by the very tame animal now in the Zoological Garden.
The fable about the hippopotamus destroying its father and violating its mother, cited before from Damascius, is to be found in Plutarch, De Solert. Anim., c. 4. Pausan. (viii. 46. § 4.) mentions a Greek statue, in which the face was made of the teeth of the hippopotamus instead of ivory.
An interesting account of the younger hippopotamus in the Zoological Garden, by Professor Owen, may be seen in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for June last.
L.
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PARALLEL PASSAGES: COLERIDGE, HOOKER, BUTLER.
I do not remember to have seen the following parallels pointed out.
Coleridge. The Nightingale. A conversation poem:
"The nightingale-- 'Most musical, most melancholy' bird! A melancholy bird! Oh! idle thought! In nature there is nothing melancholy. But some night-wandering man whose heart was pierced With the remembrance of a grievous wrong, . . . . he, and such as he, First named these notes a melancholy strain."
Plato