New Word-Analysis | Page 4

y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.
Rule IV.--Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.
Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.
Rule V.--Doubling.
Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.
EXCEPTIONS.--X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.
Rule VI.--No Doubling.
A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.


PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT.
I.--LATIN PREFIXES.
Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition.
A- a-vert to turn from. ab- = from ab-solve to release from. abs- abs-tain to hold from.
AD- ad-here to stick to. a- a-gree to be pleasing to. ac- ac-cede to yield to. af- af-fix to fix to. ag- ag-grieve to give pain to. al- = to al-ly to bind to. an- an-nex to tie to. ap- ap-pend to hang to. ar- ar-rive to reach to. as- as-sent to yield to.
NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.
AM- = around am-putate to cut around. amb- amb-ient going around.
ANTE- = before ante-cedent going before. anti- anti-cipate to take before.
BI- = two or bi-ped a two-footed animal. bis- twice bis-cuit twice cooked.
CIRCUM- = around circum-navigate to sail around. circu- circu-it journey around.
CON- con-vene to come together. co- co-equal equal with. co- = with or co-gnate born together. col- together col-loquy a speaking with another. com- com-pose to put together. cor- cor-relative relative with.
NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of CON-.
CONTRA- contra-dict to speak against contro- = against contro-vert to turn against counter- counter-mand to order against
DE- = down or de-pose; to put down; off de-fend fend off.
DIS- asunder dis-pel to drive asunder. di- = apart di-vert to turn apart. dif- opposite of dif-fer to bear apart; disagree.
NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.
EX- ex-clude to shut out. e- = out or e-ject to cast out. ec- from ec-centric from the center. ef- ef-flux a flowing out.
NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor.
EXTRA- = beyond extra-ordinary beyond ordinary.
IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut in. il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light on. im- = in, into, on im-port to carry in. ir- ir-rigate to pour water on. en-, em- en-force to force on.
NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The forms EN- and EM- are of French origin.
IN- (in adjectives in-sane not sane. i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble not noble. il- = not il-legal not legal. im- im-mature not mature. ir- ir-regular not regular.
INTER- = between or inter-cede to go between. intel- among intel-ligent choosing between.
INTRA- = inside of intra-mural inside of the walls.
INTRO- = within, into intro-duce to lead into
JUXTA- = near juxta-position a placing near
NON- = not non-combatant not fighting.
NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root.
OB- ob-ject to throw against. o- in the way, o-mit to leave out. oc- = against, oc-cur to run against; or out hence, to happen. of- of-fend to strike against. op- op-pose to put one's self against.
PER- = through, per-vade; to pass through; pel- thoroughly per-fect thoroughly made. pel-lucid thoroughly clear.
NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year.
POST- = after, post-script written after. behind
PRE- = before pre-cede to go before.
PRETER- = beyond preter-natural beyond nature.
PRO for, pro-noun for a noun. = forth, or pro-pose to put forth. forward
NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as purpose; into POR-, as portray; and into POL-, as pollute.
RE- = back or re-pel to drive back. red- anew red-eem to buy back.
RETRO- = backwards retro-grade going backwards.
SE- = aside, se-cede to go apart. apart
SINE- = without sine-cure without care.
SUB- sub-scribe to write under. suc- suc-ceed to follow after. suf- suf-fer to undergo. sug- = under or sug-gest to bring to mind from after under. sum- sum-mon to hint from under.