New Latin Grammar | Page 9

port??s to or for gates -??s _Acc._ port?s gates (as object) -?s _Voc._ portae _O gates!_ -ae _Abl._ port??s _with, by, from, in gates_ -??s
1. The Latin has no article, and porta may mean either a gate or _the gate_; and in the Plural, gates or the gates.
Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
21. 1. EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER. Nouns denoting males are Masculine; as, nauta, _sailor_; agricola, _farmer_; also, Hadria, Adriatic Sea.
2. Rare Case-Endings,--
a) An old form of the Genitive Singular in -?s is preserved in the combination pater famili?s, _father of a family_; also in m?ter famili?s, f??lius famili?s, f??lia famili?s. But the regular form of the Genitive in -ae is also admissible in these expressions; as, pater familiae.
b) In poetry a Genitive in -??? also occurs; as, aul???.
c) The Locative Singular ends in -ae; as, R?mae, at Rome.
d) A Genitive Plural in -um instead of -?rum sometimes occurs; as, Dardanidum instead of Dardanid?rum. This termination -um is not a contraction of -?rum, but represents an entirely different case-ending.
e) Instead of the regular ending -??s, we usually find -?bus in the Dative and Ablative Plural of dea, goddess, and f??lia, daughter, especially when it is important to distinguish these nouns from the corresponding forms of deus, god, and f??lius, son. A few other words sometimes have the same peculiarity; as, l??bert?bus (from l??berta, _freedwoman_), equ?bus (_mares_), to avoid confusion with l??bert??s (from l??bertus, _freedman_) and equ??s (from equus, _horse_).
Greek Nouns.
22. These end in -?�� (Feminine); -?s and -?��s (Masculine). In the Plural they are declined like regular Latin nouns of the First Declension. In the Singular they are declined as follows:--
Archi?s, Epitom?��, Com?��t?��s, comet. Archias. epitome. _Nom._ Archi?s epitom?�� com?��t?��s _Gen._ Archiae epitom?��s com?��tae _Dat._ Archiae epitomae com?��tae _Acc._ Archiam (or -?n) epitom?��n com?��t?��n _Voc._ Archi? epitom?�� com?��t?�� (or -??) _Abl._ Archi? epitom?�� com?��t?�� (or -?)
1. But most Greek nouns in -?�� become regular Latin nouns in -a, and are declined like porta; as, grammatica, _grammar_; m??sica, _music_; rh?��torica, rhetoric.
2. Some other peculiarities occur, especially in poetry.
* * * * *
SECOND DECLENSION.
?-Stems.
23. Pure Latin nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, -er, -ir, Masculine; -um, Neuter. Originally -us in the Nominative of the Masculine was -os; and -um of the Neuters -om. So also in the Accusative.
Nouns in -us and -um are declined as follows:--
Hortus, _garden_; Bellum, _war_; stem, hort?-. stem, bell?-. SINGULAR. TERMINATION. TERMINATION. _Nom._ hortus -us bellum -um _Gen._ hort?? -?? bell?? -?? _Dat._ hort? -? bell? -? _Acc._ hortum -um bellum -um _Voc._ horte -e bellum -um _Abl._ hort? -? bell? -?
PLURAL. _Nom._ hort?? -?? bella -a _Gen._ hort?rum -?rum bell?rum -?rum _Dat._ hort??s -??s bell??s -??s _Acc._ hort?s -?s bella -a _Voc._ hort?? -?? bella -a _Abl._ hort??s -??s bell??s -??s
Nouns in -er and -ir are declined as follows:--
Puer, _boy_; Ager, _field_; Vir, _man_; stem, puer?- stem, agr?- stem, vir?- SINGULAR. TERMINATION. _Nom._ puer ager vir Wanting _Gen._ puer?? agr?? vir?? -?? _Dat._ puer? agr? vir? -? _Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um _Voc._ puer ager vir Wanting _Abl._ puer? agr? vir? -?
PLURAL. _Nom._ puer?? agr?? vir?? -?? _Gen._ puer?rum agr?rum vir?rum -?rum _Dat._ puer??s agr??s vir??s -??s _Acc._ puer?s agr?s vir?s -?s _Voc._ puer?? agr?? vir?? -?? _Abl._ puer??s agr??s vir??s -??s
1. Note that in words of the type of puer and vir the final vowel of the stem has disappeared in the Nominative and Vocative Singular.
In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of ager, the stem is further modified by the development of e before r.
2. The following nouns in -er are declined like puer: adulter, _adulterer_; gener, _son-in-law_; L??ber, _Bacchus_; socer, _father-in-law_; vesper, _evening_; and compounds in -fer and -ger, as signifer, armiger.
Nouns in _-vus_, _-vum_, _-quus_.
24. Nouns ending in the Nominative Singular in -vus, -vum, -quus, exhibited two types of inflection in the classical Latin,--an earlier and a later,--as follows:--
_Earlier Inflection (including Caesar and Cicero)._ Servos, m., Aevom, n., Equos, m., slave. age. horse. SINGULAR. _Nom._ servos aevom equos _Gen._ serv?? aev?? equ?? _Dat._ serv? aev? equ? _Acc._ servom aevom equom _Voc._ serve aevom eque _Abl._ serv? aev? equ?
_Later inflection (after Cicero)._ SINGULAR. _Nom._ servus aevum equus _Gen._ serv?? aev?? equ?? _Dat._ serv? aev? equ? _Act._ servum aevum equum _Voc._ serve aevum eque _Abl._ serv? aev? equ?
1. The Plural of these nouns is regular, and always uniform.
Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
25. 1. Proper names in -ius regularly form the Genitive Singular in -?? (instead of -i??), and the Vocative Singular in -?? (for -ie); as Verg?-l??, of Virgil, or O Virgil (instead of Vergili??, Vergilie). In such words the accent stands upon the penult, even though that be short. Nouns in -ajus, -ejus form the Gen. in -a??, -e??, as Pompejus, Pompe??.
2. Nouns in -ius and -ium, until after the beginning of the reign of Augustus (31 B.C.), regularly formed