Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt | Page 2

section on "Pyramids," which is entirely from his pen. I have also to thank him for many valuable notes on subjects dealt with in the first three chapters. To avoid confusion, I have numbered these notes, and placed them at the end of the volume.
My acknowledgments are likewise due to Professor Maspero for the care with which he has read the proof-sheets of this version of his work. In departing from his system of orthography (and that of Mr. Petrie) I have been solely guided by the necessities of English readers. I foresee that Egyptian Archaeology will henceforth be the inseparable companion of all English-speaking travellers who visit the Valley of the Nile; hence I have for the most part adopted the spelling of Egyptian proper names as given by the author of "Murray's Handbook for Egypt."
Touching my own share in the present volume, I will only say that I have tried to present Professor Maspero's inimitable French in the form of readable English, rather than in a strictly word-for-word translation; and that with the hope of still further extending the usefulness of the book, I have added some foot-note references.
AMELIA B. EDWARDS.
WESTBURY-ON-TRYM,
_August_, 1887.

CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I
.
ARCHITECTURE--CIVIL AND MILITARY.
§ 1. HOUSES:--Bricks and Brickmaking--Foundations--Materials--Towns-- Plans--Decoration
§ 2. FORTRESSES:--Walls--Plans--Migdols, etc.
§ 3. PUBLIC WORKS:--Roads--Bridges--Storehouses--Canals--Lake Moeris-- Dams--Reservoirs--Quarries


CHAPTER II
.
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE.
§ 1. MATERIALS; PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION:--Materials of Temples-- Foundations of Temples--Sizes of Blocks--Mortars--Mode of hoisting Blocks--Defective Masonry--Walls--Pavements--Vaultings--Supports-- Pillars and Columns--Capitals--Campaniform Capitals--Lotus-bud Capitals--Hathor-headed Capitals
§ 2. TEMPLES:--Temples of the Sphinx--Temples of Elephantine--Temple at El Kab--Temple of Khons?--Arrangement of Temples--Levels--Crypts-- Temple of Karnak--Temple of Luxor--Philae--The Speos, or Rock-cut Temple--Speos of Horemheb--Rock-cut Temples of Ab? Simbel--Temple of Deir el Bahar?--Temple of Abydos--Sphinxes--Crio-sphinxes
§ 3. DECORATION:--Principles of Decoration--The Temple a Symbolic Representation of the World--Decoration of Parts nearest the Ground-- Dadoes--Bases of Columns--Decoration of Ceilings--Decoration of Architraves--Decoration of Wall-surfaces--Magic Virtues of Decoration --Decoration of Pylons--Statues--Obelisks--Libation-tables--Altars-- Shrines--Sacred Boats--Moving Statues of Deities


CHAPTER III
.
TOMBS.
§ 1. MASTABAS:--Construction of the Mastaba--The Door of the Living, and the Door of the Dead--The Chapel--Wall Decorations--The Double and his Needs--The _Serdab_--Ka Statues--The Sepulchral Chamber
§ 2. PYRAMIDS:--Plan of the Pyramid comprises three leading features of the Mastaba--Materials of Pyramids--Orientation--Pyramid of Kh?f?-- Pyramids of Khafra and Menkara--Step Pyramid of Sakkarah--Pyramid of ?nas--Decoration of Pyramid of ?nas--Group of Dash?r--Pyramid of Medum
§ 3. TOMBS OF THE THEBAN EMPIRE; THE ROCK-CUT TOMBS:--Pyramid-mastabas of Abydos--Pyramid-mastabas of Drah Ab?'l Neggah--Rock-cut Tombs of Beni Hasan and Syene--Rock-cut Tombs of Si?t--Wall-decoration of Theban Catacombs--Tombs of the Kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty at Thebes--Valley of the Tombs of the Kings--Royal Catacombs--Tomb of Seti I.--Wall-decorations of Royal Catacombs--Funerary Furniture of Catacombs--?shabti?--Amulets--Common Graves of the Poor


CHAPTER IV
.
PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.
§ 1. DRAWING AND COMPOSITION:--Supposed Canon of Proportion--Drawing Materials--Sketches--Illustrations to the _Book of the Dead_-- Conventional Treatment of Animal and Human Figures--Naturalistic Treatment--Composition--Grouping--Wall-paintings of Tombs--A Funerary Feast--A Domestic Scene--Military Subjects--Perspective--Parallel between a Wall-painting in a Tomb at Sakkarah and the Mosaic of Palestrina
§ 2. TECHNICAL PROCESSES:--The Preparation of Surfaces--Outline-- Sculptors' Tools--Iron and Bronze Tools--Impurity of Iron--Methods of Instruction in Sculpture--Models--Methods of cutting Various Stones-- Polish--Painted Sculptures--Pigments--Conventional Scale of Colour-- Relation of Painting to Sculpture in Ancient Egypt
§ 3. SCULPTURE:--The Great Sphinx--Art of the Memphite School--Wood- panels of Hesi--Funerary Statues--The Portrait-statue and the Double --_Chefs d'oeuvre_ of the Memphite School--The Cross-legged Scribe--Diorite Statue of Khafra--Rahotep and Nefert--The Sheikh el Beled--The Kneeling Scribe--The Dwarf Nemhotep--Royal Statues of the Twelfth Dynasty--Hyksos Sphinxes of Tanis--Theban School of the Eighteenth Dynasty--Colossi of Amenhotep III.--New School of Tel el Amarna--Its Superior Grace and Truth--Works of Horemheb--School of the Nineteenth Dynasty--Colossi of Rameses II.--Decadence of Art begins with Merenptah--Ethiopian Renaissance--Sa?te Renaissance--The Attitudes of Statues--Sa?te Innovations--Greek Influence upon Egyptian Art--The Ptolemaic and Roman Periods--The School of Mero?--Extinction of Egyptian Art


CHAPTER V
.
THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS.
§ 1. STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS:--Precious Stones--Lapidary Art--Beads and Amulets--Scarabaei--Statuettes--Libation Tables--Perfume Vases--Kohl- pots--Pottery--Clay--Glazes--Red and Painted Wares--?shabti?--Funerary Cones--Painted Vases--"Canopic" Vases--Clay Sarcophagi--Glass--Its Chemical Constituents--Clear Glass--Coloured Glass--Imitations of Precious Stones in Glass--Glass Mosaics--Miniature Objects in Coloured Glass--Glass Amulets--Coloured Glass Vases--Enamels--The Theban Blue-- The Enamels of Tell el Amarna--Enamelled ?shabti? of Amen Ptahmes-- Enamelled Tiles of the Step Pyramid at Sakkarah--Enamelled Tiles of Tell el Yah?deh
§ 2. WOOD, IVORY, LEATHER; TEXTILE FABRICS:--Bone and Ivory--Elephant Tusks--Dyed Ivory--Egyptian Woods--Wooden Statuettes--Statuette of Hori--Statuette of Na?--Wooden Toilet Ornaments--Perfume and Unguent Spoons--Furniture--Chests and Coffers--Mummy-cases--Wooden Effigies on Mummy Cases--Huge Outer Cases of Ahmesnefertari and Aahhotep--Funerary Furniture--Beds--Canopies--Sledges--Chairs--Stools--Thrones-- Textiles--Methods of Weaving--Leather--Breast-bands of Mummies-- Patchwork Canopy in Coloured Leather of Princess Isiemkheb-- Embroideries--Muslins--Celebrated Textiles of Alexandria
§ 3. METALS:--Iron--Lead--Bronze--Constituents of Egyptian Bronze-- Domestic Utensils in Bronze--Mirrors--Scissors--Bronze Statuettes-- The Stroganoff Bronze--The Posno Bronzes--The Lion of Apries--Gilding --Gold-plating--Gold-leaf--Statues and Statuettes of Precious Metals --The Silver and Golden Cups of General Tah?ti--The Silver Vases of Thm?is--Silver Plate--Goldsmith's Work--Richness of Patterns-- Jewellery--Funerary Jewellery--Rings--Seal-rings--Chains--The Jewels of Queen Aahhotep--The Ring of Rameses II.--The Ear-rings of Rameses IX.--The Bracelet of Prince Psar--Conclusion
NOTES
INDEX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIGURE
1. Brickmaking, tomb of Rekhmara, Eighteenth Dynasty
2. House with vaulted floors, Medinet Hab?
3. Plan of the town of Kah?n, Twelfth Dynasty
4. Plan of house, Medinet Hab?, Twentieth Dynasty
5. Plan of house,