Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt | Page 2

the most part, and wholly unprofitable.
I am much indebted to Mr. W.M. Flinders Petrie, author of _The
Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh_, for kindly translating the section on
"Pyramids," which is entirely from his pen. I have also to thank him for
many valuable notes on subjects dealt with in the first three chapters.
To avoid confusion, I have numbered these notes, and placed them at
the end of the volume.
My acknowledgments are likewise due to Professor Maspero for the
care with which he has read the proof-sheets of this version of his work.
In departing from his system of orthography (and that of Mr. Petrie) I
have been solely guided by the necessities of English readers. I foresee
that Egyptian Archaeology will henceforth be the inseparable
companion of all English-speaking travellers who visit the Valley of
the Nile; hence I have for the most part adopted the spelling of
Egyptian proper names as given by the author of "Murray's Handbook
for Egypt."
Touching my own share in the present volume, I will only say that I
have tried to present Professor Maspero's inimitable French in the form
of readable English, rather than in a strictly word-for-word translation;
and that with the hope of still further extending the usefulness of the
book, I have added some foot-note references.
AMELIA B. EDWARDS.
WESTBURY-ON-TRYM,
_August_, 1887.

CONTENTS.


CHAPTER I
.
ARCHITECTURE--CIVIL AND MILITARY.
§ 1. HOUSES:--Bricks and
Brickmaking--Foundations--Materials--Towns-- Plans--Decoration
§ 2. FORTRESSES:--Walls--Plans--Migdols, etc.
§ 3. PUBLIC WORKS:--Roads--Bridges--Storehouses--Canals--Lake
Moeris-- Dams--Reservoirs--Quarries

CHAPTER II
.
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE.
§ 1. MATERIALS; PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION:--Materials
of Temples-- Foundations of Temples--Sizes of
Blocks--Mortars--Mode of hoisting Blocks--Defective
Masonry--Walls--Pavements--Vaultings--Supports-- Pillars and
Columns--Capitals--Campaniform Capitals--Lotus-bud
Capitals--Hathor-headed Capitals
§ 2. TEMPLES:--Temples of the Sphinx--Temples of
Elephantine--Temple at El Kab--Temple of Khonsû--Arrangement of
Temples--Levels--Crypts-- Temple of Karnak--Temple of
Luxor--Philae--The Speos, or Rock-cut Temple--Speos of
Horemheb--Rock-cut Temples of Abû Simbel--Temple of Deir el
Baharî--Temple of Abydos--Sphinxes--Crio-sphinxes
§ 3. DECORATION:--Principles of Decoration--The Temple a
Symbolic Representation of the World--Decoration of Parts nearest the
Ground-- Dadoes--Bases of Columns--Decoration of
Ceilings--Decoration of Architraves--Decoration of
Wall-surfaces--Magic Virtues of Decoration --Decoration of
Pylons--Statues--Obelisks--Libation-tables--Altars-- Shrines--Sacred
Boats--Moving Statues of Deities


CHAPTER III
.
TOMBS.
§ 1. MASTABAS:--Construction of the Mastaba--The Door of the
Living, and the Door of the Dead--The Chapel--Wall Decorations--The
Double and his Needs--The _Serdab_--Ka Statues--The Sepulchral
Chamber
§ 2. PYRAMIDS:--Plan of the Pyramid comprises three leading
features of the Mastaba--Materials of Pyramids--Orientation--Pyramid

of Khûfû-- Pyramids of Khafra and Menkara--Step Pyramid of
Sakkarah--Pyramid of Ûnas--Decoration of Pyramid of Ûnas--Group of
Dashûr--Pyramid of Medum
§ 3. TOMBS OF THE THEBAN EMPIRE; THE ROCK-CUT
TOMBS:--Pyramid-mastabas of Abydos--Pyramid-mastabas of Drah
Abû'l Neggah--Rock-cut Tombs of Beni Hasan and Syene--Rock-cut
Tombs of Siût--Wall-decoration of Theban Catacombs--Tombs of the
Kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty at Thebes--Valley of the Tombs of the
Kings--Royal Catacombs--Tomb of Seti I.--Wall-decorations of Royal
Catacombs--Funerary Furniture of
Catacombs--Ûshabtiû--Amulets--Common Graves of the Poor


CHAPTER IV
.
PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.
§ 1. DRAWING AND COMPOSITION:--Supposed Canon of
Proportion--Drawing Materials--Sketches--Illustrations to the _Book of
the Dead_-- Conventional Treatment of Animal and Human
Figures--Naturalistic
Treatment--Composition--Grouping--Wall-paintings of Tombs--A
Funerary Feast--A Domestic Scene--Military
Subjects--Perspective--Parallel between a Wall-painting in a Tomb at
Sakkarah and the Mosaic of Palestrina
§ 2. TECHNICAL PROCESSES:--The Preparation of
Surfaces--Outline-- Sculptors' Tools--Iron and Bronze Tools--Impurity
of Iron--Methods of Instruction in Sculpture--Models--Methods of
cutting Various Stones-- Polish--Painted
Sculptures--Pigments--Conventional Scale of Colour-- Relation of
Painting to Sculpture in Ancient Egypt
§ 3. SCULPTURE:--The Great Sphinx--Art of the Memphite
School--Wood- panels of Hesi--Funerary Statues--The Portrait-statue
and the Double --_Chefs d'oeuvre_ of the Memphite School--The
Cross-legged Scribe--Diorite Statue of Khafra--Rahotep and
Nefert--The Sheikh el Beled--The Kneeling Scribe--The Dwarf
Nemhotep--Royal Statues of the Twelfth Dynasty--Hyksos Sphinxes of

Tanis--Theban School of the Eighteenth Dynasty--Colossi of
Amenhotep III.--New School of Tel el Amarna--Its Superior Grace and
Truth--Works of Horemheb--School of the Nineteenth
Dynasty--Colossi of Rameses II.--Decadence of Art begins with
Merenptah--Ethiopian Renaissance--Saïte Renaissance--The Attitudes
of Statues--Saïte Innovations--Greek Influence upon Egyptian Art--The
Ptolemaic and Roman Periods--The School of Meroë--Extinction of
Egyptian Art


CHAPTER V
.
THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS.
§ 1. STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS:--Precious Stones--Lapidary
Art--Beads and Amulets--Scarabaei--Statuettes--Libation
Tables--Perfume Vases--Kohl- pots--Pottery--Clay--Glazes--Red and
Painted Wares--Ûshabtiû--Funerary Cones--Painted Vases--"Canopic"
Vases--Clay Sarcophagi--Glass--Its Chemical Constituents--Clear
Glass--Coloured Glass--Imitations of Precious Stones in Glass--Glass
Mosaics--Miniature Objects in Coloured Glass--Glass
Amulets--Coloured Glass Vases--Enamels--The Theban Blue-- The
Enamels of Tell el Amarna--Enamelled Ûshabtiû of Amen Ptahmes--
Enamelled Tiles of the Step Pyramid at Sakkarah--Enamelled Tiles of
Tell el Yahûdeh
§ 2. WOOD, IVORY, LEATHER; TEXTILE FABRICS:--Bone and
Ivory--Elephant Tusks--Dyed Ivory--Egyptian Woods--Wooden
Statuettes--Statuette of Hori--Statuette of Naï--Wooden Toilet
Ornaments--Perfume and Unguent Spoons--Furniture--Chests and
Coffers--Mummy-cases--Wooden Effigies on Mummy Cases--Huge
Outer Cases of Ahmesnefertari and Aahhotep--Funerary
Furniture--Beds--Canopies--Sledges--Chairs--Stools--Thrones--
Textiles--Methods of Weaving--Leather--Breast-bands of Mummies--
Patchwork Canopy in Coloured Leather of Princess Isiemkheb--
Embroideries--Muslins--Celebrated Textiles of Alexandria
§ 3. METALS:--Iron--Lead--Bronze--Constituents of Egyptian
Bronze-- Domestic Utensils in Bronze--Mirrors--Scissors--Bronze

Statuettes-- The Stroganoff Bronze--The Posno Bronzes--The Lion of
Apries--Gilding --Gold-plating--Gold-leaf--Statues and Statuettes of