Man on the Ocean | Page 7

ply between
Brooklyn and New York. A flattened arch is thus made by the bow-like

cross-pieces over the space between the canoes, upon which a board or
a couple of stout poles laid lengthwise constitute an elevated platform
for passengers and freight, while those who paddle and steer sit in the
bodies of the canoes at the sides. A slender mast, which may be
unstepped in a minute, rises from about the centre of this platform, to
give support to a very simple sail, now universally made of white
cotton cloth, but formerly of mats."
The double canoes belonging to the chiefs of the South Sea islanders
are the largest,--some of them being nearly seventy feet long, yet they
are each only about two feet wide and three or four feet deep. The
sterns are remarkably high--fifteen or eighteen feet above the water.
The war canoes are also large and compactly built; the stern being low
and covered, so as to afford shelter from stones and darts. A rude
imitation of a head or some grotesque figure is usually carved on the
stern; while the stem is elevated, curved like the neck of a swan, and
terminates frequently in the carved figure of a bird's head. These canoes
are capable of holding fifty warriors. Captain Cook describes some as
being one hundred and eight feet long. All of them, whether single or
double, mercantile or war canoes, are propelled by paddles, the men
sitting with their faces in the direction in which they are going.
As may be supposed, these canoes are often upset in rough weather; but
as the South Sea islanders are expert swimmers, they generally manage
to right their canoes and scramble into them again. Their only fear on
such occasions is being attacked by sharks. Ellis, in his interesting book,
"Polynesian Researches," relates an instance of this kind of attack
which was made upon a number of chiefs and people--about
thirty-two--who were passing from one island to another in a large
double canoe:--"They were overtaken by a tempest, the violence of
which tore their canoes from the horizontal spars by which they were
united. It was in vain for them to endeavour to place them upright again,
or to empty out the water, for they could not prevent their incessant
overturning. As their only resource, they collected the scattered spars
and boards, and constructed a raft, on which they hoped they might
drift to land. The weight of the whole number who were collected on

the raft was so great as to sink it so far below the surface that they
stood above their knees in water. They made very little progress, and
soon became exhausted by fatigue and hunger. In this condition they
were attacked by a number of sharks. Destitute of a knife or any other
weapon of defence, they fell an easy prey to these rapacious monsters.
One after another was seized and devoured, or carried away by them,
and the survivors, who with dreadful anguish beheld their companions
thus destroyed, saw the number of their assailants apparently increasing,
as each body was carried off until only two or three remained.
"The raft, thus lightened of its load, rose to the surface of the water, and
placed them beyond the reach of the voracious jaws of their relentless
destroyers. The tide and current soon carried them to the shore, where
they landed to tell the melancholy fate of their fellow-voyagers."
Captain Cook refers to the canoes of New Zealand thus:--
"The ingenuity of these people appears in nothing more than in their
canoes. They are long and narrow, and in shape very much resemble a
New England whale-boat. The larger sort seem to be built chiefly for
war, and will carry from forty to eighty or a hundred armed men. We
measured one which lay ashore at Tolaga; she was sixty-eight and a
half feet long, five feet broad, and three and a half feet deep. The
bottom was sharp, with straight sides like a wedge, and consisted of
three lengths, hollowed out to about two inches, or one inch and a half
thick, and well fastened together with strong plaiting. Each side
consisted of one entire plank, sixty-three feet long, ten or twelve inches
broad, and about one inch and a quarter thick; and these were fitted and
lashed to the bottom part with great dexterity and strength.
"A considerable number of thwarts were laid from gunwale to gunwale,
to which they were securely lashed on each side, as a strengthening to
the boat. The ornament at the head projected five or six feet beyond the
body, and was about four and a half feet high. The ornament at the
stern was fixed upon that end as the stern-post of a ship is upon