Logic | Page 2

Quantity 53 Quantity of the Predicate (p. 56) ��2. As to Quality 57 Infinite Propositions (p. 57) ��3. A. I. E. O. 58 ��4. As to Relation 59 Change of Relation (p. 60); Interpretation of 'either, or' (p. 63); Function of the hypothetical form (p. 64) ��5. As to Modality 66 ��6. Verbal and Real Propositions 67
CHAPTER VI
CONDITIONS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
��1. Meaning of Inference 69 ��2. Immediate and Mediate Inference 70 ��3. The Laws of Thought 72 ��4. Identity 73 ��5. Contradiction and Excluded Middle 74 ��6. The Scope of Formal Inference 76
CHAPTER VII
IMMEDIATE INFERENCES
��1. Plan of the Chapter 79 ��2. Subalternation 79 ��3. Connotative Subalternation 80 ��4. Conversion 82 Reciprocality (p. 84) ��5. Obversion 85 ��6. Contrary Opposition 87 ��7. Contradictory Opposition 87 ��8. Sub-contrary Opposition 88 ��9. The Square of Opposition 89 ��10. Secondary modes of Immediate Inference 90 ��11. Immediate Inferences from Conditionals 93
CHAPTER VIII
ORDER OF TERMS, EULER'S DIAGRAMS, LOGICAL EQUATIONS, EXISTENTIAL IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS
��1. Order of Terms in a proposition 95 ��2. Euler's Diagrams 97 ��3. Propositions considered as Equations 101 ��4. Existential Import of Propositions 104
CHAPTER IX
FORMAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIATE INFERENCE
��1. Nature of Mediate Inference and Syllogism 107 ��2. General Canons of the Syllogism 108 Definitions of Categorical Syllogism; Middle Term; Minor Term; Major Term; Minor and Major Premise (p. 109) Illicit Process (p. 110); Distribution of the Middle (p. 110); Negative Premises (p. 112); Particular Premises (p. 113) ��3. Dictum de omni et nullo 115 ��4. Syllogism in relation to the Laws of Thought 116 ��5. Other Kinds of Mediate Inference 118
CHAPTER X
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
��1. Illustrations of the Syllogism 121 ��2. Of Figures 122 ��3. Of Moods 123 ��4. How valid Moods are determined 124 ��5. Special Canons of the Four Figures 126 ��6. Ostensive Reduction and the Mnemonic Verses 127 ��7. Another version of the Mnemonic Verses 132 ��8. Indirect Reduction 132 ��9. Uses of the several Figures 134 ��10. Scientific Value of Reduction 135 ��11. Euler's Diagrams for the Syllogism 136
CHAPTER XI
ABBREVIATED AND COMPOUND ARGUMENTS
��1. Popular Arguments Informal 138 ��2. The Enthymeme 139 ��3. Monosyllogism, Polysyllogism, Prosyllogism, Episyllogism 141 ��4. The Epicheirema 142 ��5. The Sorites 142 ��6. The Antinomy 145
CHAPTER XII
CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISMS
��1. The Hypothetical Syllogism 147 ��2. The Disjunctive Syllogism 152 ��3. The Dilemma 154
CHAPTER XIII
TRANSITION TO INDUCTION
��1. Formal Consistency and Material Truth 159 ��2. Real General Propositions assert more than has been directly observed 160 ��3. Hence, formally, a Syllogism's Premises seem to beg the Conclusion 162 ��4. Materially, a Syllogism turns upon the resemblance of the Minor to the Middle Term; and thus extends the Major Premise to new cases 163 ��5. Restatement of the Dictum for material reasoning 165 ��6. Uses of the Syllogism 167 ��7. Analysis of the Uniformity of Nature, considered as the formal ground of all reasoning 169 ��8. Grounds of our belief in Uniformity 173
CHAPTER XIV
CAUSATION
��1. The most important aspect of Uniformity in relation to Induction is Causation 174 ��2. Definition of "Cause" explained: five marks of Causation 175 ��3. How strictly the conception of Cause can be applied depends upon the subject under investigation 183 ��4. Scientific conception of Effect. Plurality of Causes 185 ��5. Some condition, but not the whole cause, may long precede the Effect; and some co-effect, but not the whole effect, may long survive the Cause 187 ��6. Mechanical Causes and the homogeneous Intermixture of Effects; Chemical Causes and the heteropathic Intermixture of Effects 188 ��7. Tendency, Resultant, Counteraction, Elimination, Resolution, Analysis, Reciprocity 189
CHAPTER XV
INDUCTIVE METHOD
��1. Outline of Inductive investigation 192 ��2. Induction defined 196 ��3. "Perfect Induction" 196 ��4. Imperfect Induction methodical or immethodical 197 ��5. Observation and Experiment, the material ground of Induction, compared 198 ��6. The principle of Causation is the formal ground of Induction 201 ��7. The Inductive Canons are derived from the principle of Causation, the more readily to detect it in facts observed 202
CHAPTER XVI
THE CANONS OF DIRECT INDUCTION
��1. The Canon of Agreement 206 Negative Instances (p. 208); Plurality of Causes (p. 208) Agreement may show connection without direct Causation (p. 209) ��2. The Canon of Agreement in Presence and in Absence 212 It tends to disprove a Plurality of Causes (p. 213) ��3. The Canon of Difference 216 May be applied to observations (p. 221) ��4. The Canon of Variations 222 How related to Agreement and Difference (p. 222); The Graphic Method (p. 227); Critical points (p. 230); Progressive effects (p. 231); Gradations (p. 231) ��5. The Canon of Residues 232
CHAPTER XVII
COMBINATION OF INDUCTION WITH DEDUCTION
��1. Deductive character of Formal Induction 236 ��2. Further complication of Deduction with Induction 238 ��3. The Direct Deductive (or Physical) Method 240 ��4. Opportunities of Error in the Physical Method 243 ��5. The Inverse Deductive (or Historical) Method 246 ��6. Precautions in using the Historical Method 251 ��7. The Comparative Method 255 ��8. Historical Evidence 261
CHAPTER XVIII
HYPOTHESES
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