Logic | Page 2

Abstract Terms 40 §4.
Univocal and Equivocal Terms 41 Connotation determined by the
suppositio (p. 43) §5. Absolute and Relative Terms 43 §6. Relation of
Denotation to Connotation 46 §7. Contradictory Terms 47 §8. Positive
and Negative Terms 50 Infinites; Privitives; Contraries (pp. 50-51)
CHAPTER V
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSITIONS
§1. As to Quantity 53 Quantity of the Predicate (p. 56) §2. As to
Quality 57 Infinite Propositions (p. 57) §3. A. I. E. O. 58 §4. As to
Relation 59 Change of Relation (p. 60); Interpretation of 'either, or' (p.
63); Function of the hypothetical form (p. 64) §5. As to Modality 66 §6.
Verbal and Real Propositions 67
CHAPTER VI
CONDITIONS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE
§1. Meaning of Inference 69 §2. Immediate and Mediate Inference 70
§3. The Laws of Thought 72 §4. Identity 73 §5. Contradiction and
Excluded Middle 74 §6. The Scope of Formal Inference 76
CHAPTER VII
IMMEDIATE INFERENCES

§1. Plan of the Chapter 79 §2. Subalternation 79 §3. Connotative
Subalternation 80 §4. Conversion 82 Reciprocality (p. 84) §5.
Obversion 85 §6. Contrary Opposition 87 §7. Contradictory Opposition
87 §8. Sub-contrary Opposition 88 §9. The Square of Opposition 89
§10. Secondary modes of Immediate Inference 90 §11. Immediate
Inferences from Conditionals 93
CHAPTER VIII
ORDER OF TERMS, EULER'S DIAGRAMS, LOGICAL
EQUATIONS, EXISTENTIAL IMPORT OF PROPOSITIONS
§1. Order of Terms in a proposition 95 §2. Euler's Diagrams 97 §3.
Propositions considered as Equations 101 §4. Existential Import of
Propositions 104
CHAPTER IX
FORMAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIATE INFERENCE
§1. Nature of Mediate Inference and Syllogism 107 §2. General Canons
of the Syllogism 108 Definitions of Categorical Syllogism; Middle
Term; Minor Term; Major Term; Minor and Major Premise (p. 109)
Illicit Process (p. 110); Distribution of the Middle (p. 110); Negative
Premises (p. 112); Particular Premises (p. 113) §3. Dictum de omni et
nullo 115 §4. Syllogism in relation to the Laws of Thought 116 §5.
Other Kinds of Mediate Inference 118
CHAPTER X
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
§1. Illustrations of the Syllogism 121 §2. Of Figures 122 §3. Of Moods
123 §4. How valid Moods are determined 124 §5. Special Canons of
the Four Figures 126 §6. Ostensive Reduction and the Mnemonic
Verses 127 §7. Another version of the Mnemonic Verses 132 §8.
Indirect Reduction 132 §9. Uses of the several Figures 134 §10.

Scientific Value of Reduction 135 §11. Euler's Diagrams for the
Syllogism 136
CHAPTER XI
ABBREVIATED AND COMPOUND ARGUMENTS
§1. Popular Arguments Informal 138 §2. The Enthymeme 139 §3.
Monosyllogism, Polysyllogism, Prosyllogism, Episyllogism 141 §4.
The Epicheirema 142 §5. The Sorites 142 §6. The Antinomy 145
CHAPTER XII
CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISMS
§1. The Hypothetical Syllogism 147 §2. The Disjunctive Syllogism 152
§3. The Dilemma 154
CHAPTER XIII
TRANSITION TO INDUCTION
§1. Formal Consistency and Material Truth 159 §2. Real General
Propositions assert more than has been directly observed 160 §3. Hence,
formally, a Syllogism's Premises seem to beg the Conclusion 162 §4.
Materially, a Syllogism turns upon the resemblance of the Minor to the
Middle Term; and thus extends the Major Premise to new cases 163 §5.
Restatement of the Dictum for material reasoning 165 §6. Uses of the
Syllogism 167 §7. Analysis of the Uniformity of Nature, considered as
the formal ground of all reasoning 169 §8. Grounds of our belief in
Uniformity 173
CHAPTER XIV
CAUSATION
§1. The most important aspect of Uniformity in relation to Induction is
Causation 174 §2. Definition of "Cause" explained: five marks of

Causation 175 §3. How strictly the conception of Cause can be applied
depends upon the subject under investigation 183 §4. Scientific
conception of Effect. Plurality of Causes 185 §5. Some condition, but
not the whole cause, may long precede the Effect; and some co-effect,
but not the whole effect, may long survive the Cause 187 §6.
Mechanical Causes and the homogeneous Intermixture of Effects;
Chemical Causes and the heteropathic Intermixture of Effects 188 §7.
Tendency, Resultant, Counteraction, Elimination, Resolution, Analysis,
Reciprocity 189
CHAPTER XV
INDUCTIVE METHOD
§1. Outline of Inductive investigation 192 §2. Induction defined 196 §3.
"Perfect Induction" 196 §4. Imperfect Induction methodical or
immethodical 197 §5. Observation and Experiment, the material
ground of Induction, compared 198 §6. The principle of Causation is
the formal ground of Induction 201 §7. The Inductive Canons are
derived from the principle of Causation, the more readily to detect it in
facts observed 202
CHAPTER XVI
THE CANONS OF DIRECT INDUCTION
§1. The Canon of Agreement 206 Negative Instances (p. 208); Plurality
of Causes (p. 208) Agreement may show connection without direct
Causation (p. 209) §2. The Canon of Agreement in Presence and in
Absence 212 It tends to disprove a Plurality of Causes (p. 213) §3. The
Canon of Difference 216 May be applied to observations (p. 221) §4.
The Canon of Variations 222 How related to Agreement and Difference
(p. 222); The Graphic