Lessons on Soil | Page 2

. . 64 IX. CULTIVATION AND TILLAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 X. THE SOIL AND THE COUNTRYSIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 XI. HOW SOIL HAS BEEN MADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

[Transcriber's note: The page numbers below are those in the original book. However, in this e-book, to avoid the splitting of paragraphs, the illustrations may have been moved to the page preceding or following.]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE PAGE
1. Soil and subsoil in St George's School garden . . . . 2
2. Columns showing what 100 parts of soil and subsoil were made of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Columns showing what 100 parts of dried soil and subsoil were made of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Clay shrinks when it dries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Clay swells up when it is placed in water . . . . . . 12
6. Landslip in the Isle of Wight. Phot. Valentine & Son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Clay does not let water run through . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Sand allows air to pass through but clay does not . . 15
9. A brick allows both air and water to pass through it 17
10. Lime added to turbid clay water soon makes the clay settle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11. Sand dunes, Penhale, Cornwall. Phot. Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12. Blowing sand covering up meadows and ruining them. Phot. Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
13. Model of a spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
14. Foot of chalk hill at Harpenden where a spring breaks out. Phot. Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . 27
15. The little pool and the spring. Phot. Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
16. Water spouting up from a bore hole, Old Cateriag Quarry, Dunbar. Phot. Geological Survey . . . . . 29
17. Sandy soils in wet and in dry positions . . . . . . . 31
18. Map of the roads round Wye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
19. Peat bog in Hoy, Orkney: peat is being cut for fuel. Phot. Valentine & Son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
20. Rye growing in surface soil, subsoil, and sand . . . . 42
21. Mustard growing in surface soil, subsoil, and sand . . 43
22. Mustard growing in soil previously cropped with rye, and in soil previously uncropped . . . . . . . . . . 45
23. Pieces of grass, leaves, etc. change to plant food in the surface soil lint not in the subsoil . . . . . 50
24. Soil in which earthworms have been living and making burrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
25. Fresh soil turns milk bad, but baked soil does not . . 57
26. Soil contains tiny living things that grow on gelatine 58
27. Our breath makes lime water turn milky . . . . . . . . 59
28. Something in the soil uses up air and makes lime water turn milky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
29. Soils are able to stick to water: clay or loam soils do this better than sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
30. Water can pass from wet to dry places in the soil, it can even travel upwards . . . . .