Lessons on Soil | Page 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
29. Soils are able to stick to water: clay or loam soils do this better than
sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
30. Water can pass from wet to dry places in the soil, it can even travel
upwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
31. Plants growing in soils supplied from below with water. All the
water the plants get has to travel upwards 67
32. Mustard growing in soils supplied with varying quantities of
water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

33. Wheat growing in moist and in dry soils . . . . . . . 71
34 a and b. Plants found on a dry soil had narrow leaves, those on a
moist soil had wider leaves. Phot. S. T. Parkinson . . . . . . . . . 72, 73
35. Plants give out water through their leaves . . . . . . 74
36. Stephen Hales's experiment in 1727 . . . . . . . . . . 75
37. Hill slope near Harpenden showing woodland at top and arable land
lower down. Phot. Lionel Armstrong 77
38. View further along the valley; woodland and arable above, rough
grassland near the river. Phot. Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
39. Rough grass pasture near the river. Higher up is arable land. Phot.
Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . 81
40. After harvest the farmer breaks up his land with a plough and then
leaves it alone until seed time. Phot. Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
41. Rolling in mangold seed on the farm. Phot. H. B.
Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
42. Soil sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
43. Cultivation and mulching reduce the loss of water from
soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
44 a and b. Maize cannot compete successfully with
weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
45. A plot of wheat left untouched since 1882 at Rothamsted has now
become a dense thicket. Phot. Lionel Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
46. A badly drained wheat field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
47. Highly cultivated sandy soil in Kent . . . . . . . . . 103

48. A Surrey heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
49. Woodland and heather on high sandy land, Wimbledon Common.
Phot. R. H. Carter . . . . . . . . . . . 107
50. Poor sandy soil in Surrey, partly cultivated but mainly wood and
waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
51. Open chalk cultivated country, Thanet . . . . . . . . 113
52. Cliffs at the seaside, Manorbier. Phot. Geological
Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
53. Cliffs in inland district, Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh. Phot. Geological
Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
54. Model of a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
55. The bend of a river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
56. The winding river--the Stour at Wye. Phot. R. H.
Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
57. Sketch map showing why Godmersham and Wye arose where they
did on the Stour . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
58. Ford at Coldharbour near Harpenden. Phot. Lionel
Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The photographs of the pot experiments are by Mr Lionel Armstrong.

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