Lessons in Music Form | Page 5

fragment of 8th Song]
and its inversion
[Illustration: second fragment of 8th Song]
run through the whole number.
(5) The specific figure of the accompaniment is usually reproduced
from measure to measure (or group to group) throughout whole
sections of the piece. Observe, in the 37th Song Without Words, how
constantly the ascending figure of six tones recurs in the lower part (left
hand). Glance also at No. 30; No. 1; No. 25. Many other evidences of
Unity are invariably present in good music, so naturally and
self-evidently that they almost escape our notice. Some of these are left
to the student's discernment; others will engage our joint attention in
due time.
* * * * * *
In every one of these manifestations of unity there lies the germ of the
principle of Variety, which quickens into life with the action of the
former, always following, as offspring and consequence of the primary
unity. Thus:--
(1) The beats, though uniform in duration, differ from each other in
force. The first pulse in each measure (or metric group of any size) is

heavier, stronger, than the following. It--the first--is the "impulse," and
is what is called the accent. This dynamic distinction it is that gives rise
to the two fundamental classes of rhythm, the duple and triple. In duple
rhythm the accent is followed by one unaccented or lighter beat, so that
regular alternation of heavy and light pulses prevails incessantly. In
triple rhythm the accent is followed by two lighter beats, creating
similarly constant, but irregular alternation of heavy and light pulses.
[Illustration: Duple and Triple Rhythm]
This distinction is so significant and so striking, that the music lover
who is eager to gain the first clues to the structural purpose of a
composition, should endeavor to recognize which one of these two
rhythmic species underlies the movement to which he is listening. It is
fairly certain to be one or the other continuously. Of duple measure, the
march and polka are familiar examples; of triple measure, the waltz and
mazurka. The "regularity" of the former rhythm imparts a certain
stability and squareness to the entire piece, while triple rhythm is more
graceful and circular in effect.
(2) The same dynamic distinction applies also to whole measures, and
(3) to accents. The first of two successive measures, or of two or more
accents, is always a trifle heavier than the other.
(4) The melodic contents of the first measure may be exactly
reproduced in the succeeding measure; but if this is the case, they are
very unlikely to appear still again in the next (third) measure, for that
would exaggerate the condition of Unity and create the effect of
monotony.
[Illustration: Example 1. Fragment of Folk-song.]
The measure marked b is exactly like a. But c is all the more
contrasting, on account of this similarity.
Or, the melodic contents of a measure may be thus reproduced, as far as
the rhythm and direction of the tones are concerned, but--for

variety--they may be shifted to a higher or lower place upon the staff,
or may be otherwise modified.
[Illustration: Example 2. Fragment of Beethoven.]
Compare the groups marked a and b, and observe how the principles of
unity and variety are both active in these four measures, and how their
effect is heightened by the formation of c.
(5) The figures of the accompaniment, though reproduced in uniform
rhythmic values and melodic direction, undergo constant modifications
in pitch and in shape, similar, to those shown in Ex. 2. See, again, No.
37 of the Songs Without Words and note the changes in the formation
of the otherwise uniform six-tone groups.
LESSON 1.--The student is to study this chapter thoroughly, and write
answers to the following questions; if possible, without reference to the
text:--
1. What does Form in music mean?
2. Define the conditions which constitute good form.
3. When is a composition faulty in form?
4. What do discriminating listeners recognize in music?
5. What is the difference between the sounds of music and those of
language?
6. How does this prove the necessity of form?
7. By what is the presence of form in music shown?
8. What is the beat?
9. What is the measure?
10. By what means are the measures indicated, (1) to the reader; (2) to

the listener?
11. To what does the further multiplication of the beats give rise?
12. What are cadences?
13. What purpose do they serve in music?
14. What is the best general name for a melody?
15. What object does it fulfil in music form?
16. What are the two vital requisites upon which the enjoyment of an
art creation depends?
17. What purpose does Unity serve?
18. What purpose does Variety serve?
19. What is the great problem of