Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia | Page 3

J.F., _Studies in Ancient History._ 2nd Series,
London, 1886, 8^o.
33. _Man._ London, 1901 sq., 8^o.
34. MATHEW, J., _Eaglehawk and Crow._ London, 1898, 8^o.
35. MATHEWS, R.H., _Ethnological Notes._ Sydney, 1905, 8^o.
36. _Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalische Sprachen._ Berlin,
1898 etc., 8^o.
37. _Mitteilungen des Vereins fur Erdkunde._ Halle, 1877-1892, 8^o.
38. MOORE, G.F., _Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in
Common Use among the Aborigines of Western Australia._ London,
1842, 8^o.
39. MORGAN, Lewis H., _Ancient Society._ New York, 1877, 8^o.
40. NEW, C., _Travels._ London, 1854, 8^o.
41. OWEN, Mary A., _The Musquakie Indians._ London, 1905, 8^o.
42. PARKER, K.L., _The Euahlayi Tribe._ London, 1905, 8^o.
43. PETRIE, Tom, _Reminiscences._ Brisbane, 1905, 8^o.
44. _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society._ Philadelphia,
1840 etc., 8^o.
45. _Proceedings of the Australian Association for the Advancement of
Science._ 1889 etc., 8^o.
46. _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia,
Queensland Branch._ Brisbane, 1886 etc., 8^o.
47. _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland._ Brisbane, 1884
etc., 8^o.

48. _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria._ Melbourne, 1889
etc., 8^o.
49. _Reports of the Cambridge University Expedition to Torres
Straits._ Cambridge, 1903 etc., 4^o.
50. ROTH, W.E., _Ethnological Studies._ Brisbane, 1898, 8^o.
51. SCHÜRMANN, C.W., _Vocabulary of the Parnkalla Language._
Adelaide, 1844, 8^o.
52. _Science of Man._ Sydney, 1898 etc., 4^o.
53. _Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge._ Washington, 1848 etc.
4^o.
54. SPENCER, B. and GILLEN, F.J., _Native Tribes of Central
Australasia._ London, 1898, 8^o.
55. SPENCER, B. and GILLEN, F.J., _Northern Tribes of Central
Australia._ London, 1904, 8^o.
56. STOKES, J.L., _Discoveries in Australia._ 2 vols., London, 1846,
8^o.
57. TAPLIN, G., _Folklore, Manners, Customs and Language of the
South Australian Aborigines._ Adelaide, 1878, 8^o.
58. _Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South
Australia._ Adelaide, 1878 etc., 8^o.
59. VAN GENNEP, A., _Mythes et Légendes._ Paris, 1906, 8^o.
60. _West Australian._ Perth, 1886 etc., fol.
61. WESTERMARCK, E., _History of Human Marriage._ 3rd Edition,
London, 1901, 8^o.
62. _Wiener Medicinische Wochenschrift._ Vienna, 1851 etc., 4^o.

63. WILSON, T.B., _Narrative of a Voyage round the World._ London,
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INDEX TO ABBREVIATIONS.
_Allg. Miss. Zts._, 1 _Am. Anth._, 2 _Am. Phil. Soc._, 44 _Ann. Soc._,
3 _Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci._, 45 _Col. Mag._, 8 _C.T._, 54 _Ethn. Notes_,
35 _Fort. Rev._, 14 _J.A.I._, 23 _J.R.G.S._, 24 _J.R.S.N.S.W._, 25
_J.R.S. Vict._, 48 _Nat. Tr._, 54 _Nor. Tr._, 55 _N.Q. Ethn. Bull._, 6
_N.T._, 21 _Proc. Am. Phil. Soc._, 44 _Proc. R.G.S. Qn._, 46 _Proc.
R.S. Vict._, 48 _R.G.S. Qn._, 47 _Sci. Man_, 52 _T.R.S.S.A._, 58
_West. Aust._, 60 _Zts. vgl. Rechtsw._, 64
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Social organisation. Associations in the lower stages of culture.
Consanguinity and Kinship. The Tribe. Kinship groups; totem kins;
phratries.
The passage from what is commonly termed savagery through
barbarism to civilisation is marked by a change in the character of the
associations which are almost everywhere a feature of human society.
In the lower stages of culture, save among peoples whose organisation
has perished under the pressure of foreign invasion or other external
influences, man is found grouped into totem kins, intermarrying classes
and similar organised bodies, and one of their most important
characteristics is that membership of them depends on birth, not on the
choice of the individual. In modern society, on the other hand,
associations of this sort have entirely disappeared and man is grouped
in voluntary societies, membership of which depends on his own
choice.

It is true that the family, which exists in the lower stages of culture,
though it is overshadowed by the other social phenomena, has persisted
through all the manifold revolutions of society; especially in the stage
of barbarism, its importance in some directions, such as the regulation
of marriage, often forbidden within limits of consanguinity much wider
than among ourselves, approaches the influence of the forms of natal
association which it had supplanted. In the present day, however, if we
set aside its economic and steadily diminishing ethical sides, it cannot
be compared in importance with the territorial groupings on which state
and municipal activities depend.
If the family is a persistent type the tribe may also be compared to the
modern state; it is, in most parts of the world, no less territorial in its
nature; membership of it does not depend among the Australians on
any supposed descent from a common ancestor; and though residence
plus possession of a common speech is mentioned by Howitt as the test
of tribe, it is possible in Australia, under certain conditions[1], to pass
from one tribe to another in such a way that we seem reduced to
residence as the test of membership. This change of tribe takes place
almost exclusively where tribes are friendly, so far as is known; and