Integration of the Armed Forces | Page 5

The
Steward's Branch.................................. 238 Black
Officers........................................ 243 Public Image and the Problem of
Numbers............... 248 10. THE POSTWAR MARINE
CORPS.............................. 253 Racial Quotas and
Assignments......................... 253 Recruitment...........................................
257 Segregation and Efficiency............................ 261 Toward
Integration.................................... 266 11. THE POSTWAR AIR
FORCE................................. 270 Segregation and
Efficiency............................ 271 Impulse for
Change.................................... 280 12. THE PRESIDENT
INTERVENES.............................. 291 The Truman Administration and
Civil Rights............ 292 Civil Rights and the Department of
Defense............ 297 Executive Order 9981.................................. 309 13.
SERVICE INTERESTS VERSUS PRESIDENTIAL INTENT..........
315 Public Reaction to Executive Order 9981............... 315 The Army:
Segregation on the Defensive................ 318 A Different
Approach.................................. 326 The Navy: Business as
Usual........................... 331 Adjustments in the Marine
Corps
....................... 334 The Air Force Plans for Limited
Integration........... 338 14. THE FAHY COMMITTEE VERSUS THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE... 343 The Committee's
Recommendations....................... 348 A Summer of
Discontent................................ 362
Assignments........................................... 368
Quotas................................................ 371 An
Assessment......................................... 375 15. THE ROLE OF THE
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, 1949-1951....... 379 Overseas
Restrictions................................. 385 Congressional
Concerns................................ 389 16. INTEGRATION IN THE AIR

FORCE AND THE NAVY............. 397 The Air Force,
1949-1951.............................. 397 The Navy and Executive Order
9981..................... 412 17. THE ARMY
INTEGRATES................................... 428 Race and Efficiency:
1950............................. 428 Training.............................................. 434
Performance of Segregated Units....................... 436 Final
Arguments....................................... 440 Integration of the Eighth
Army........................ 442 Integration of the European and Continental
Commands.. 448 (p. xv) 18. INTEGRATION OF THE MARINE
CORPS....................... 460 Impetus for Change....................................
461 Assignments........................................... 466 19. A NEW ERA
BEGINS...................................... 473 The Civil Rights
Revolution........................... 474 Limitations on Executive Order
9981................... 479 Integration of Navy Shipyards.........................
483 Dependent Children and Integrated Schools............. 487 20.
LIMITED RESPONSE TO DISCRIMINATION.................... 501 The
Kennedy Administration and Civil Rights........... 504 The Department
of Defense, 1961-1963.................. 510 Discrimination Off the Military
Reservation........... 511 Reserves and Regulars: A
Comparison................... 517 21. EQUAL TREATMENT AND
OPPORTUNITY REDEFINED............. 530 The Secretary Makes a
Decision........................ 530 The Gesell Committee..................................
535 Reaction to a New Commitment.......................... 545 The Gesell
Committee: Final Report.................... 552 22. EQUAL
OPPORTUNITY IN THE MILITARY COMMUNITY........... 556
Creating a Civil Rights Apparatus..................... 558 Fighting
Discrimination Within the Services........... 566 23. FROM
VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE TO SANCTIONS................ 581
Development of Voluntary Action Programs.............. 581 Civil Rights,
1964-1966............................... 586 The Civil Rights Act and Voluntary
Compliance......... 590 The Limits of Voluntary Compliance....................
593 24. CONCLUSION............................................ 609 Why the
Services Integrated........................... 609 How the Services Integrated,
1946-1954................ 614 Equal Treatment and
Opportunity....................... 619 NOTE ON
SOURCES........................................... 625
INDEX..................................................... 635

Illustrations
Crewmen of the USS Miami During the Civil War............. 4 Buffalo
Soldiers............................................ 5 Integration in the Army of
1888............................. 9 Gunner's Gang on the USS
Maine........................... 10 (p. xvi) General John J. (Black Jack)
Pershing Inspects Troops...... 11 Heroes of the 369th Infantry, February
1919................ 13 Judge William H. Hastie.................................... 20
General George C. Marshall and Secretary of War Henry L.
Stimson............................................... 21 Engineer Construction Troops
in Liberia, July 1942......... 26 Labor Battalion Troops in the Aleutian
Islands, May 1943... 27 Sergeant Addressing the
Line............................... 28 Pilots of the 332d Fighter
Group........................... 29 Service Club, Fort
Huachuca................................ 35 93d Division Troops in Bougainville,
April 1944............ 44 Gun Crew of Battery B, 598th Field Artillery,
September 1944........................................... 47 Tankers of the 761st
Medium Tank Battalion Prepare for
Action................................................... 48 WAAC
Replacements.......................................... 50 Volunteers for Combat in
Training.......................... 53 Road
Repairmen............................................. 56 Mess Attendant, First Class,
Dorie Miller Addressing Recruits at Camp Smalls..................................
60 Admiral Ernest J. King and Secretary of the Navy Frank
Knox..................................................... 61 Crew Members of USS
Argonaut, Pearl Harbor, 1942......... 62 Messmen Volunteer as Gunners,
July 1942.................... 65 Electrician Mates String Power
Lines....................... 68 Laborers at Naval Ammunition
Depot......................... 73 Seabees in the South
Pacific............................... 74 Lt. Comdr. Christopher S.
Sargent.......................... 76 USS Mason................................................
78 First Black Officers in the Navy........................... 81 Lt. (jg.) Harriet
Ida Pickens and Ens. Frances Wills....... 88 Sailors in the General
Service............................. 89 Security Watch in the
Marianas............................. 90 Specialists Repair
Aircraft................................ 93 The 22d Special Construction Battalion
Celebrates V-J Day.. 97 Marines of the 51st Defense Battalion,

Montford Point, 1942............................................. 102 Shore Party in
Training, Camp Lejeune, 1942............... 105 D-day on
Peleliu.......................................... 106 Medical Attendants at Rest,
Peleliu, October 1944......... 107 Gun Crew of the 52d Defense
Battalion..................... 110 Crewmen of USCG Lifeboat Station, Pea
Island, North Carolina................................................ 112 Coast Guard
Recruits at Manhattan Beach Training Station, New
York....................................... 113 Stewards at Battle Station on the
Cutter Campbell....... 117 Shore Leave in Scotland...................................
118 Lt. Comdr. Carlton Skinner and Crew of the USS Sea
Cloud............................................. 120 Ens. Joseph J. Jenkins and Lt.
(jg.) Clarence Samuels..... 121 President Harry S. Truman Addressing
the NAACP Convention.............................................. 127 Assistant
Secretary of War John J. McCloy................. 130 Civilian Aide to the
Secretary of War Truman K. Gibson.... 131 (p. xvii) Company I, 370th
Infantry, 92d Division, Advances Through Cascina,
Italy.................................. 134 92d Division Engineers Prepare a Ford
for Arno River Traffic................................................. 136 Lester
Granger Interviewing Sailors....................... 146 Granger With
Crewmen of a Naval