Indian Games | Page 6

off, and distinguished by two great poles,
between which the ball is to pass."
The goals among the northern Indians were single posts at the ends of
the field. It is among the southern Indians that we first hear of two
posts being raised to form a sort of gate through or over which the bull
must pass. Adair says, "they fix two bending poles into the ground,
three yards apart below, but slanting a considerable way outwards."
The party that happens to throw the ball "over these counts one; but if it
be thrown underneath, it is cast back and played for as usual." The ball
is to be thrown "through the lower part" of the two poles which are
fixed across each other at about one hundred and fifty feet apart,
according to Romans. In Bossu's account it is "between" the two great
poles which distinguish the mark or aim, that "the ball is to pass." On
the other hand, Bartram, describing what he saw in North Carolina,
speaks of the ball "being hurled into the air, midway between the two

high pillars which are the goals, and the party who bears off the ball to
their pillar wins the game."
In some parts of the south each player had two rackets between which
the ball was caught. For this purpose they were necessarily shorter than
the cross of the northern Indians. Adair says, "The ball sticks are about
two feet long, the lower end somewhat resembling the palm of a hand,
and which are worked with deer-skin thongs. Between these they catch
the ball, and throw it a great distance." [Footnote: Adair, p. 400; A
Narrative of the Military Adventures of Colonel Marinus Willett, p.
109.]
That this was not universal throughout the south would appear from
Bossu's account who says, "Every one has a battle-door in his hand
about two feet and a half long, made very nearly in the form of ours, of
walnut, or chestnut wood, and covered with roe-skins." Bartram also
says that each person has "a racquet or hurl, which is an implement of a
very curious construction somewhat resembling a ladle or little hoop
net, with a handle near three feet in length, the hoop and handle of
wood and the netting of thongs of raw-hide or tendons of an animal."
Catlin [Footnote: Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and
Condition of the North American Indians, by George Catlin, Vol. II, p.
123 et seq.] saw the game played by the Choctaws, on their Western
Reservation. They used two rackets. In this game the old men acted as
judges.
The game was ordinarily started by tossing the ball into the air in the
centre of the field. This act is represented by Perrot as having been
performed by one of the leaders in the game, but it is more in accord
with the spirit in which the game was played, that it should have been
done by some outsider. Bossu says, "An old man stands in the middle
of the place appropriated to the play, and throws up into the air a ball of
roe-skins rolled about each other," while Powers [Footnote:
Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III, p. 151.] says that
among the Californian Indians this act was performed by a squaw. The
judges started the ball among the Choctaws. [Footnote: Cuthu, Vol. II,
p. 12.] Notwithstanding the differences in the forms of the goals, their

distance apart and the methods of play disclosed in all these
descriptions, the game can only be regarded as the same. The historians
who have preserved for us the accounts of the ancient southern games
from which quotations have been made, are all Englishmen except
Bossu, and he entered the country not by the way of Quebec but by way
of New Orleans. It is not strange, therefore, that we do not find in use
amongst them the name which the early French fathers and traders
invariably applied to the game. The description, however, given by
these writers, of the racket used in the south, corresponds so closely
with the crook from which the game took the name by which it is
known, that we must accept the game as a modified form of lacrosse.
From Maine to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, we trace a
knowledge of it. We have found it in use among the confederate nations
of the north and of the south and among scattered tribes throughout the
country.
In the majority of instances the natural instincts of those who
participated in the strife were stimulated by local pride. The reputation
of their tribe or their village rested upon the result. Ardent as the spirit
of the contest must necessarily have been under such circumstances,
among a people