Illusions | Page 2

151-153; indirect central stimulation and association, 153-155.
The Form and Structure of Dreams:--The incoherence of Dreams
explained, 156-161; coherence and unity of Dream as effected (a) by
coalescence and transformation of images, 161-163; (b) by
aground-tone of feeling, 164-168; (c) by the play of associative
dispositions, 168-172; (d) by the activities of selective attention
stimulated by the rational impulse to connect and to arrange, 172-176;
examples of Dreams, 176-179; limits of intelligence and rational
activity in Dreams, 180-182; Dreaming and mental disease, 182, 183;
After-dreams and Apparitions, 183-185.
NOTE.--The Hypnotic Condition, 185-188.
CHAPTER VIII.

ILLUSIONS OF INTROSPECTION.
Illusions of Introspection defined, 189-192; question of the possibility
of illusory Introspection, 192-194; incomplete grasp of internal feelings
as such, 194-196; misobservation of internal feelings: Passive Illusions,
196-199; Active Illusions, 199-202; malobservation of subjective states,
202-205; Illusory Introspection in psychology and philosophy, 205-208;
value of the Introspective method, 208-211.
CHAPTER IX.
OTHER QUASI-PRESENTATIVE ILLUSIONS: ERRORS OF
INSIGHT.
Emotion and Perception, 212; Æsthetic Intuition, 213; Subjective
Impressions of beauty misinterpreted, 213-216; analogous Emotional
Intuitions, 216, 217; Insight, its nature, 217-220; Passive Illusions of
Insight, 220-222; Active Illusions of Insight: projection of individual
feelings, 222-224; the poetic transformation of nature, 224-226; special
predispositions as falsifying Insight, 226-228; value of faculty of
Insight, 228-230.
CHAPTER X.
ILLUSIONS OF MEMORY.
Vulgar confidence in Memory, 231-233; definition of Memory,
233-235; Psychology of Memory, 235-237; Physiology of Memory,
237, 238; Memory as localization in the past, 238-241; Illusions of
Memory classified, 241-245.
(1) Illusions of Time-Perspective:--
(a) Definite Localization of events: constant errors in retrospective
estimate of time, 245-249; varying errors: estimate of duration during a
period, 249-251; variations in retrospective estimate of duration,
251-256.

(b) Indefinite Localization: effect of vividness of mnemonic image on
the apparent distance of events, 256-258; isolated public events, 258,
259; active element in errors of Localization, 259-261.
(2) Distortions of Memory:--Transformation of past through
forgetfulness, 261-264; confusion of distinct recollections, 264-266;
Active Illusion: influence of present imaginative activity, 266-269;
exaggeration in recollections of remote experiences, 269, 270; action of
present feeling in transforming past, 270, 271.
(3) Hallucinations of Memory:--Their nature, 271-273; past dreams
taken for external experiences, 273-277; past waking imagination taken
for external reality, 277-280; recollection of prenatal ancestral
experience, 280, 281; filling up gaps in recollection, 281-283. Illusions
connected with, Personal Identity:--Illusions of Memory and Sense of
identity, 283, 284; idea of permanent self, how built up, 285-287;
disturbances of sense of identity, 287-290; fallibility and
trustworthiness of Memory, 290-292.
NOTE.--Momentary Illusions of Self-consciousness, 293.
CHAPTER XI.
ILLUSIONS OF BELIEF.
Belief as Immediate or Intuitive, 294-296; simple and compound Belief,
296.
A. Simple Illusory Belief:--
(1) Expectation: its nature, 297, 298; Is Expectation ever intuitive? 298;
Expectation and Inference from the past, 299-301; Expectation of new
kinds of experience, 301, 302; Permanent Expectations of remote
events, 302; misrepresentation of future duration, 302-305; Imaginative
transformation of future, 305-307.
(2) Quasi-Expectations: anticipation of extra-personal experiences, 307,
308; Retrospective Beliefs, 308-312.

B. Compound Illusory Belief:--
(1) Representations of permanent things: their structure, 312; our
representations of others as illusory, 312-315; our representation of
ourselves as illusory, 315; Illusion of self-esteem, 316-318; genesis of
illusory opinion of self, 318-322; Illusion in our representations of
classes of things, 322, 323; and in our views of the world as a whole,
323, 324; tendency of belief towards divergence, 325; and towards
convergence, 326, 327.
CHAPTER XII.
RESULTS.
Range of Illusion, 328-330; nature and causes of Illusion in general,
331-334; Illusion identical with Fallacy, 334; Illusion as abnormal, 336,
337; question of common error, 337-339; evolutionist's conception of
error as maladaptation, 339-344; common intuitions tested only by
philosophy, 344; assumptions of science respecting external reality, etc.,
344-346; philosophic investigation of these assumptions, 346-348;
connection between scientific and philosophic consideration of Illusion,
348-350; correction of Illusion and its implications, 351, 352;
Fundamental Intuitions and modern psychology, 352; psychology as
positive science and as philosophy, 353-355; points of resemblance
between acknowledged Illusions and Fundamental Intuitions, 355, 356;
question of origin, and question of validity, 356, 357; attitude of
scientific mind towards philosophic scepticism, 357-360; Persistent
Intuitions must be taken as true, 360, 361.

ILLUSIONS.
CHAPTER I.
THE STUDY OF ILLUSION.
Common sense, knowing nothing of fine distinctions, is wont to draw a

sharp line between the region of illusion and that of sane intelligence.
To be the victim of an illusion is, in the popular judgment, to be
excluded from the category of rational men. The term at once calls up
images of stunted figures with ill-developed brains, half-witted
creatures, hardly distinguishable from the admittedly insane. And this
way of thinking of illusion and its subjects is strengthened by one of
the characteristic sentiments of our age. The nineteenth century
intelligence plumes itself on having got at the bottom of mediæval
visions and church miracles, and it is wont to commiserate the