Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland

ﺬIce-Caves of France and Switzerland

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Title: Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland
Author: George Forrest Browne
Release Date: November 10, 2004 [EBook #14012]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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ICE-CAVES OF FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND.

A NARRATIVE OF SUBTERRANEAN EXPLORATION.

BY THE REV. G.F. BROWNE, M.A.
FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF ST. CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; MEMBER OF THE ALPINE CLUB.
1865.

PREFACE.
The existence of natural ice-caves at depths varying from 50 to 200 feet below the surface of the earth, unconnected with glaciers or snow mountains, and in latitudes and at altitudes where ice could not under ordinary circumstances be supposed to exist, has attracted some attention on the Continent; but little or nothing seems to be practically known in England on the subject. These caves are so singular, and many of them so well repay inspection, that a description of the twelve which I have visited can scarcely, as it seems to me, be considered an uncalled-for addition to the numerous books of travel which are constantly appearing. In order to prevent my narrative from being a mere dry record of natural phenomena, I have interspersed it with such incidents of travel as may be interesting in themselves or useful to those who are inclined to follow my steps. I have also given, from various sources, accounts of similar caves in different parts of the world.
A pamphlet on _Glacières Naturelles_ by M. Thury, of Geneva, of the existence of which I was not aware when I commenced my explorations, has been of great service to me. M. Thury had only visited three glacières when he published his pamphlet in 1861, but the observations he records are very valuable. He had attempted to visit a fourth, when, unfortunately, the want of a ladder of sufficient length stopped him.
I was allowed to read Papers before the British Association at Bath (1864), in the Chemical Section, on the prismatic formation of the ice in these caves, and in the Geological Section, on their general character and the possible causes of their existence.
It is necessary to say, with regard to the sections given in this book, that, while the proportions of the masses of ice are in accordance with measurements taken on the spot, the interior height of many of the caves, and the curves of the roof and sides, are put in with a free hand, some of them from memory. And of the measurements, too, it is only fair to say that they were taken for the most part under very unfavourable circumstances, in dark caves lighted by one, or sometimes by two candles, with a temperature varying from slightly above to slightly below the freezing-point, and with no surer foot-hold than that afforded by slippery slopes of ice and chaotic blocks of stone. In all cases, errors are due to want of skill, not of honesty; and I hope that they do not generally lie on the side of exaggeration.
CAMBRIDGE: June 1865.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
PAGE
THE GLACIèRE OF LA GENOLLIèRE, IN THE JURA .............1

CHAPTER II.
THE GLACIèRE OF S. GEORGES, IN THE JURA ................19

CHAPTER III.
THE LOWER GLACIèRE OF THE PRé DE S. LIVRES, IN THE JURA ...............................................32

CHAPTER IV.
THE UPPER GLACIèRE OF THE PRé DE S. LIVRES .............46

CHAPTER V.
THE GLACIèRE OF GR?CE-DIEU, OR LA BAUME, NEAR BESAN?ON, IN THE VOSGIAN JURA ....................................60

CHAPTER VI.
BESAN?ON AND D?LE ......................................85

CHAPTER VII.
THE GLACIèRE OF MONTHéZY, IN THE VAL DE TRAVERS ........97

CHAPTER VIII.
THE GLACIèRE AND NEIGIèRE OF ARC-SOUS-CICON ............118

CHAPTER IX.
THE SCHAFLOCH, OR TROU-AUX-MOUTONS, NEAR THE LAKE OF THUN ...................................................131

CHAPTER X.
THE GLACIèRE OF GRAND ANU, NEAR ANNECY .................157

CHAPTER XI.
THE GLACIèRE OF CHAPPET-SUR-VILLAZ, NEAR ANNECY ........182

CHAPTER XII.
THE GLACIèRES OF THE BREZON, AND THE VALLEY OF REPOSOIR ............................................202

CHAPTER XIII.
LA BORNA DE LA GLACE, IN THE DUCHY OF AOSTA ............210

CHAPTER XIV.
THE GLACIèRE OF FONDEURLE, IN DAUPHINé .................212

CHAPTER XV.
OTHER ICE-CAVES:-- THE CAVE OF SCELICZE, IN HUNGARY .....................237 THE CAVE OF YEERMALIK, IN KOONDOOZ ...................240 THE SURTSHELLIR, IN ICELAND ..........................244 THE GYPSUM CAVE OF ILLETZKAYA ZASTCHITA, ORENBURG ....249 THE ICE-CAVERN ON THE PEAK OF TENERIFFE ..............253

CHAPTER XVI.
BRIEF NOTICES OF VARIOUS ICE-CAVES .....................256

CHAPTER XVII.
HISTORY OF THEORIES RESPECTING THE CAUSES OF SUBTERRANEAN ICE .......................................282

CHAPTER XVIII.
ON THE PRISMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE ICE IN GLACIèRES .....300

CHAPTER XIX.
ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH SOME OF THE GLACIèRES OCCUR ............................308
APPENDIX ...............................................313

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ICE-COLUMNS IN THE GLACIèRE OF LA GENOLLIèRE ...........6
ENTRANCE TO THE GLACIèRE OF S. GEORGES .................24
VERTICAL SECTIONS OF THE GLACIèRE OF S. GEORGES ........26
LOWER GLACIèRE OF THE PRé DE S. LIVRES .................39
SECTION OF THE LOWER GLACIèRE OF THE