Holland - The History of the Netherlands | Page 4

attempt an Escape from Prison--Succeeds in his Attempt--He repairs to Paris, and publishes his "Apology"--Expiration of the Twelve Years' Truce--Death of Philip III. And of the Archduke Albert--War in Germany--Campaign between Prince Maurice and Spinola--Conspiracy against the Life of Prince Maurice--Its Failure--Fifteen of the Conspirators executed--Great Unpopularity of Maurice--Death of Maurice.
CHAPTER XVIII
TO THE TREATY OF MUNSTER
A.D. 1625--1648
Frederick Henry succeeds his Brother--Charles I. King of England--War between France and England--Victories of Admiral Hein--Brilliant Success of Frederick Henry--Fruitless Enterprise in Flanders--Death of the Archduchess Isabella--Confederacy in Brabant--Its Failure, and Arrest of the Nobles--Ferdinand, Prince-Cardinal, Governor-General--Treaty between France and Holland--Battle of Avein--Naval Affairs--Battle of the Downs--Van Tromp--Negotiations for the Marriage of Prince William with the Princess Mary of England--Death of the Prince-Cardinal--Don Francisco de Mello Governor-General--Battle of Rocroy--Gallantry of Prince William--Death of Cardinal Richelieu and of Louis XIII.--English Politics--Affairs of Germany--Negotiations for Peace--Financial Embarrassment of the Republic--The Republic negotiates with Spain--Last Exploits of Frederick Henry--His Death, and Character--William II. Stadtholder--Peace of Munster--Resentment of Louis XIII.--Peace of Westphalia--Review of the Progress of Art, Science, and Manners--Literature-- Painting--Engraving-- Sculpture--Architecture--Finance--Population--Commercial Companies--Manners.
CHAPTER XIX
FROM THE PEACE OF MUNSTER TO THE PEACE OF NIMEGUEN
A.D. 1648--1678
State of the Republic after the Peace of Munster--State of England--William II. Stadtholder--His ambitious Designs and Violent Conduct--Attempts to seize on Amsterdam--His Death--Different Sensations caused by his Death--The Prerogatives of the Stadtholder assumed by the People--Naval War with England--English Act of Navigation--Irish Hostilities--Death of Tromp--A Peace with England--Disturbed State of the Republic--War with Denmark--Peace concluded--Charles II. restored to the English Throne--Declares War against Holland--Naval Actions--Charles endeavors to excite all Europe against the Dutch--His Failure--Renewed Hostilities--De Ruyter defeated--Peace of Breda--Invasion of Flanders by Louis XIV.--He overruns Brabant and Flanders--Triple League, 1668--Perfidious Conduct of Charles II.--He declares War against Holland, etc., as does Louis XIV.--Unprepared State of United Provinces--William III. Prince of Orange--Appointed Captain-General and High Admiral--Battle of Solebay--The French Invade the Republic--The States-General implore Peace--Terms demanded by Louis XIV. and by Charles II.--Desperation of the Dutch--The Prince of Orange proclaimed Stadtholder--Massacre of the De Witts--Fine Conduct of the Prince of Orange--He takes the Field--Is reinforced by Spain, the Emperor, and Brandenburg--Louis XIV. forced to abandon his Conquests--Naval Actions with the English--A Peace, 1674--Military Affairs--Battle of Senef--Death of De Ruyter--Congress for Peace at Nimeguen--Battle of Mont Cassel--Marriage of the Prince of Orange--Peace of Nimeguen.
CHAPTER XX
FROM THE PEACE OF NIMEGUEN TO THE PEACE OF UTRECHT
A.D. 1678--1713
State of Europe subsequently to the Peace of Nimeguen--Arrogant Conduct of Louis XIV.--Truce for Twenty Years--Death of Charles II. of England--League of Augsburg--The Conduct of William--He invades England--James II. Deposed--William III. proclaimed King of England--King William puts himself at the Head of the Confederacy against Louis XIV., and enters on the War--Military Operations--Peace of Ryswyk--Death of Charles II. of Spain--War of Succession--Death of William III.--His Character--Duke of Marlborough--Prince Eugene--Successes of the Earl of Peterborough in Spain and Portugal--Louis XIV. solicits Peace--Conferences for Peace--Peace of Utrecht--Treaty of the Barrier.
CHAPTER XXI
FROM THE PEACE OF UTRECHT TO THE INCORPORATION OF BELGIUM WITH THE FRENCH REPUBLIC
A.D. 1713--1794
Quadruple Alliance--General Peace of Europe--Wise Conduct of the Republic--Great Danger from the bad State of the Dikes--Death of the Emperor Charles VI.--Maria Theresa Empress--Her heroic Conduct--Battle of Dettingen--Louis XV. invades the Netherlands--Conferences for Peace at Breda--Battle of Fontenoy--William IV. Stadtholder and Captain-General--Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle--Death of the Stadtholder, who is succeeded by his Son William V.--War of Seven Years--State of the Republic--William V. Stadtholder--Dismemberment of Poland--Joseph II. Emperor--His attempted Reforms in Religion--War with England--Sea-Fight on the Doggerbank--Peace with England, 1784--Progress of Public Opinion in Europe, in Belgium, and Holland--Violent Opposition to the Stadtholder--Arrest of the Princess of Orange--Invasion of Holland by the Prussian Army--Agitation in Belgium--Vander Noot--Prince Albert of Saxe-Teschen and the Archduchess Maria Theresa joint Governors-General--Succeeded by Count Murray--Riots--Meetings of the Provisional States--General Insurrection--Vonckists--Vander Mersch--Takes the Command of the Insurgents--His Skilful Conduct--He gains the Battle of Turnhout--Takes Possession of Flanders--Confederation of the Belgian Provinces--Death of Joseph II.--Leopold Emperor--Arrest of Vander Mersch--Arrogance of the States-General of Belgium--The Austrians overrun the Country--Convention at The Hague--Death of Leopold--Battle of Jemmappes--General Dumouriez--Conquest of Belgium by the French--Recovered by the Austrians--The Archduke Charles Governor-General--War in the Netherlands--Duke of York--The Emperor Francis--The Battle of Fleurus--Incorporation of Belgium with the French Republic--Peace of Leoben--Treaty of Campo-Formio.
CHAPTER XXII
FROM THE INVASION OF HOLLAND BY THE FRENCH TO THE RETURN OF THE PRINCE OF ORANGE
A.D. 1794--1818
Pichegru invades Holland--Winter Campaign--The Duke of York vainly resists the French Army--Abdication of the Stadtholder--Batavian Republic--War with England--Unfortunate Situation of Holland--Naval Fight--English Expedition to the Helder--Napoleon Bonaparte--Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland--His popular Conduct--He abdicates the Throne--Annexation of Holland to the French Empire--Ruinous to the Prosperity of the Republic--The people desire the Return of the Prince of Orange--Confederacy to effect this Purpose--The Allied Armies advance toward Holland--The Nation rises to throw off the Yoke of France--Count Styrum and his Associates lead on that Movement, and proclaim the Prince of Orange, who lands from England--His first Proclamation--His