History of Modern Philosophy | Page 3

contradictory requests have conflicted--thus, on the one hand, I have been urged to expand, on the other, to cut down the sections on German idealism, especially those on Hegel--and here I confess my inability to meet both demands. Among the reviews, that by B. Erdmann in the first volume of the _Archiv f��r Geschichte der Philosophie_, and, among the suggestions made by letter, those of H. Heussler, have been of especial value. Since others commonly see defects more clearly than one's self, it will be very welcome if I can have my desire continually to make this History more useful supported by farther suggestions from the circle of its readers. In case it continues to enjoy the favor of teachers and students, these will receive conscientious consideration.
For the sake of those who may complain of too much matter, I may remark that the difficulty can easily be avoided by passing over

Chapters
I., V. (��� 1-3), VI., VIII., XII., XV., and XVI.
Professor A.C. Armstrong, Jr., is preparing an English translation. My earnest thanks are due to Mr. Karl Niemann of Charlottenburg for his kind participation in the labor of proof-reading.
R.F.
ERLANGEN, June 11, 1892.
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%CONTENTS.%

INTRODUCTION


CHAPTER I.
THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION: FROM NICOLAS OF CUSA TO DESCARTES
1. Nicolas of Cusa 2. The Revival of Ancient Philosophy and the Opposition to it 3. The Italian Philosophy of Nature 4. Philosophy of the State and of Law 5. Skepticism in France 6. German Mysticism 7. The Foundation of Modern Physics 8. Philosophy in England to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century (_a_) Bacon's Predecessors (_b_) Bacon (_c_) Hobbes (_d_) Lord Herbert of Cherbury 9. Preliminary Survey


PART I.
%From Descartes to Kant.%


CHAPTER II.
DESCARTES
1. The Principles 2. Nature 3. Man


CHAPTER III.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF CARTESIANISM IN THE NETHERLANDS AND IN FRANCE
1. Occasionalism: Geulincx 2. Spinoza _(a)_ Substance, Attributes, and Modes _(b)_ Anthropology; Cognition and the Passions _(c)_ Practical Philosophy 3. Pascal, Malebranche, Bayle


CHAPTER IV.
LOCKE
_(a)_ Theory of Knowledge _(b)_ Practical Philosophy


CHAPTER V.
ENGLISH PHILOSOPHY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
1. Natural Philosophy and Psychology 2. Deism 3. Moral Philosophy 4. Theory of Knowledge _(a)_ Berkeley _(b)_ Hume _(c)_ The Scottish School


CHAPTER VI.
THE FRENCH ILLUMINATION
1. The Entrance of English Doctrines 2. Theoretical and Practical Sensationalism 3. Skepticism and Materialism 4. Rousseau's Conflict with the Illumination


CHAPTER VII.
LEIBNITZ
1. Metaphysics: the Monads, Representation, the Pre-established Harmony; the Laws of Thought and of the World 2. The Organic World 3. Man: Cognition and Volition 4. Theology and Theodicy


CHAPTER VIII.
THE GERMAN ILLUMINATION
1. The Contemporaries of Leibnitz 2. Christian Wolff 3. The Illumination as Scientific and as Popular Philosophy 4. The Faith Philosophy


PART II.
%From Kant to the Present Time.%


CHAPTER IX.
KANT
1. Theory of Knowledge _(a)_ The Pure Intuitions (Transcendental Aesthetic) _(b)_ The Concepts and Principles of the Pure Understanding (Transcendental Analytic) _(c)_ The Reason's Ideas of the Unconditioned (Transcendental Dialectic) 2. Theory of Ethics 3. Theory of the Beautiful and of Ends in Nature _(a)_ Aesthetic Judgment _(b)_ Teleological Judgment 4. From Kant to Fichte


CHAPTER X.
FICHTE
1. The Science of Knowledge _(a)_ The Problem _(b)_ The Three Principles _(c)_ The Theoretical Ego _(d)_ The Practical Ego 2. The Science of Ethics and of Right 3. Fichte's Second Period: his View of History and his Theory of Religion


CHAPTER XI.
SCHELLING
1a. Philosophy of Nature 1b. Transcendental Philosophy 2. System of Identity 3a. Doctrine of Freedom 3b. Philosophy of Mythology and Revelation


CHAPTER XII.
SCHELLING'S CO-WORKERS
1. The Philosophers of Nature 2. The Philosophers of Identity (F. Krause) 3. The Philosophers of Religion (Baader and Schleiermacher)


CHAPTER XIII.
HEGEL
1. Hegel's View of the World and his Method 2. The System (_a_) Logic (_b_) The Philosophy of Nature (_c_) The Doctrine of Subjective Spirit (_d_) The Doctrine of Objective Spirit (_e_) Absolute Spirit


CHAPTER XIV.
THE OPPOSITION TO CONSTRUCTIVE IDEALISM: FRIES, HERBART, SCHOPENHAUER
1. The Psychologists: Fries and Beneke 2. Realism: Herbart 3. Pessimism: Schopenhauer


CHAPTER XV.
PHILOSOPHY OUT OF GERMANY
1. Italy 2. France 3. Great Britain and America 4. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland


CHAPTER XVI.
GERMAN PHILOSOPHY SINCE THE DEATH OF HEGEL
1. From the Division of the Hegelian School to the Materialistic Controversy 2. New Systems: Trendelenburg, Fechner, Lotze, and Hartmann 3. From the Revival of the Kantian Philosophy to the Present Time (_a_) Neo-Kantianism, Positivism, and Kindred Phenomena (_b_) Idealistic Reaction against the Scientific Spirit (_c_) The Special Philosophical Sciences 4. Retrospect
INDEX
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INTRODUCTION.
In no other department is a thorough knowledge of history so important as in philosophy. Like historical science in general, philosophy is, on the one hand, in touch with exact inquiry, while, on the other, it has a certain relationship with art. With the former it has in common its methodical procedure and its cognitive aim; with the latter, its intuitive character and the endeavor to compass the whole of reality with a glance. Metaphysical principles are less easily verified from experience than physical hypotheses, but also less easily refuted. Systems of philosophy, therefore, are not so dependent