History of Ancient Civilization | Page 2

of Grecian architecture--Sculpture--Pottery--Painting.
CHAPTER XV
THE GREEKS IN THE ORIENT. Asia before Alexander--Decadence of the Persian empire--Expedition of the Ten Thousand--Agesilaus.
CONQUEST OF ASIA BY ALEXANDER. Macedon--Philip--Demosthenes--The Macedonian supremacy--Alexander--The phalanx--Departure of Alexander--Victories of Granicus, Issus, and Arbela--Death of Alexander--Projects of Alexander.
THE HELLENES IN THE ORIENT. Dismemberment of the empire of Alexander-- The Hellenistic kingdoms--Alexandria--Museum--Pergamum.
CHAPTER XVI
LATER PERIOD OF GREEK HISTORY. Decadence of the cities--Rich and poor--Strife between rich and poor--Democracy and oligarchy--The tyrants--Exhaustion of Greece.
THE ROMAN CONQUEST. The leagues--The allies of the Romans--The last struggles.
THE HELLENES IN THE OCCIDENT. Influence of Greece on Rome-- Architecture--Sculpture--Literature--Epicureans and Stoics.
CHAPTER XVII
ANCIENT PEOPLES OF ITALY. The Etruscans--Etruria--The Etruscan people-- The Etruscan tombs--Industry and commerce--Religion--The augurs-- Influence of the Etruscans.
THE ITALIAN PEOPLE. Umbrians and Oscans--The Sacred Spring--The Samnites--The Greeks of Italy.
LATINS AND ROMANS. The Latins--Rome--Roma Quadrata and the Capitol.
CHAPTER XVIII
RELIGION AND THE FAMILY. Religion--The Roman gods--Form of the gods--Principle of the Roman religion--Worship--Formalism-- Prayer--Omens--The priests.
WORSHIP OF ANCESTORS. The dead--Worship of the dead--Cult of the hearth.
THE FAMILY. Religion of the family--Marriage--Women--Children--Father of the family.
CHAPTER XIX
THE ROMAN CITY. Formation of the Roman people--The kings--The Roman people--The plebeians--Strife between patricians and plebeians-- The tribunes of the plebs--Triumph of the plebs.
THE ROMAN PEOPLE. Right of citizenship--The nobles--The knights--The plebs--Freedmen.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC. The comitia--Magistrates--Censors-- Senate--The course of offices.
CHAPTER XX
ROMAN CONQUEST. The Roman army--Military service--The levy--Legions and allies--Military exercises--Camp--Order of battle--Discipline-- Colonies &ad military roads.
CHARACTER OF THE CONQUESTS. War--Conquest of Italy--Punic wars--Hannibal--Conquest of the Orient--Conquest of barbarian lands--The triumph--Booty--Allies of Rome--Motives of conquest.
RESULTS OF THE CONQUESTS. Empire of the Roman people--The public domain--Agrarian laws.
CHAPTER XXI
THE CONQUERED PEOPLES. The provincials--Provinces--The proconsuls-- Tyranny and oppression of the proconsuls--The publicans--Bankers-- Defencelessness of the provincials.
SLAVERY. Sale of slaves--Condition of slaves--Number of slaves--Urban slaves--Rural slaves--Treatment of slaves--Ergastulum and mill-- Character of the slaves--Revolts--Admission to citizenship.
CHAPTER XXII
TRANSFORMATION OF LIFE IN ROME. Influence of Greece and the Orient.
CHANGES IN RELIGION. Greek gods--The Bacchanals--Superstitions of the Orient--Sceptics.
CHANGES IN MANNERS. The old customs--Cato the Elder--The new manners-- Oriental luxury--Greek humanity--Lucullus--The new education--New status of women--Divorce.
CHAPTER XXIII
FALL OF THE REPUBLIC. Causes of the decadence--Destruction of the peasant class--The city plebs--Electoral corruption--Corruption of the Senate--Corruption of the army.
THE REVOLUTION. Necessity of the revolution--Civil wars--The Gracchi-- Marius and Sulla--Pompey and C?sar--End of the Republic--Need of peace--Power of the individual.
CHAPTER XXIV
THE EMPIRE AT ITS HEIGHT. The twelve C?sars--The emperor--Apotheosis-- Senate and people--The pr?torians--Freedmen of the emperors-- Despotism and disorder.
THE CENTURY OF THE ANTONINES. Marcus Aurelius--Conquests of the Antonines.
IMPERIAL INSTITUTIONS. Extent of the empire in the second century-- Permanent army--Deputies and agents of the emperor--Municipal life--Imperial regime.
SOCIAL LIFE UNDER THE EMPIRE. The continued decadence at Rome--The shows--Theatre--Circus--Amphitheatre--Gladiators--The Roman peace--Fusion of the peoples--Superstitions.
CHAPTER XXV
ARTS AND SCIENCES IN ROME. Letters--Imitation of the Greeks--The Augustan Age--Orators and rhetoricians--Importance of the Latin literature and language--Arts--Sculpture and painting-- Architecture--Characteristics of Roman architecture--Rome and its monuments.
ROMAN LAW. The Twelve Tables--Symbolic process--Formalism-- Jurisprudence--The pr?tor's edict--Civil law and the law of nations--Written reason.
CHAPTER XXVI
THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. Origin of Christianity--Christ--Charity-- Equality--Poverty and humility--The kingdom of God.
FIRST CENTURIES OF THE CHURCH. Disciples and apostles--The church-- Sacred books--Persecutions--Martyrs--Catacombs.
THE MONKS OF THE THIRD CENTURY. Solitaries--Asceticism--Cenobites.
CHAPTER XXVII
THE LATER EMPIRE. The revolutions of the third century--Military anarchy--Worship of Mithra--Taurobolia--Confusion of religions.
REGIME OF THE LATER EMPIRE. Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine-- Constantinople--The palace--The officials--Society of the later empire.
CHURCH AND STATE. Triumph of Christianity--Organization of the church--Councils--Heretics--Paganism--Theodosius.
CHAPTER I
THE ORIGINS OF CIVILIZATION
PREHISTORIC ARCH?OLOGY
=Prehistoric Remains.=--One often finds buried in the earth, weapons, implements, human skeletons, d��bris of every kind left by men of whom we have no direct knowledge. These are dug up by the thousand in all the provinces of France, in Switzerland, in England, in all Europe; they are found even in Asia and Africa. It is probable that they exist in all parts of the world.
These remains are called prehistoric because they are more ancient than written history. For about fifty years men have been engaged in recovering and studying them. Today most museums have a hall, or at least, some cases filled with these relics. A museum at Saint-German-en-Laye, near Paris, is entirely given up to prehistoric remains. In Denmark is a collection of more than 30,000 objects. Every day adds to the discoveries as excavations are made, houses built, and cuts made for railroads.
These objects are not found on the surface of the ground, but ordinarily buried deeply where the earth has not been disturbed. They are recovered from a stratum of gravel or clay which has been deposited gradually and has fixed them in place safe from the air, a sure proof that they have been there for a long time.
=Prehistoric Science.=--Scholars have examined the d��bris and have asked themselves what men have left them. From their skeletons, they have tried to construct their physical appearance; from their tools, the kind of life they led. They have determined that these instruments resemble those used by certain savages today. The study of all these objects constitutes a new science, Prehistoric