Handbook of Universal Literature | Page 5

and
other Novels; Dickens, Thackeray, and others. History: Arnold,
Thirlwall, Grote, Macaulay, Alison, Carlyle, Freeman, Buckle.
Criticism: Hallam, De Quincey, Macaulay, Carlyle, Wilson, Lamb, and
others. Theology: Poster, Hall, Chalmers. Philosophy: Stewart, Brown,
Mackintosh, Bentham, Alison, and others. Political Economy: Mill,
Whewell, Whately, De Morgan, Hamilton. Periodical Writings: the
Edinburgh, Quarterly, and Westminster Reviews, and Blackwood's
Magazine. Physical Science: Brewster, Herschel, Playfair, Miller,
Buckland, Whewell.--Since 1860. I. Poets: Matthew Arnold, Algernon
Swinburne, Dante Rossetti, Robert Buchanan, Edwin Arnold, "Owen
Meredith," William Morris, Jean Ingelow, Adelaide Procter, Christina
Rossetti, Augusta Webster, Mary Robinson, and others. 2. Fiction:
"George Eliot," McDonald, Collins, Black, Blackmore, Mrs. Oliphant,
Yates, McCarthy, Trollope, and others. 3. Scientific Writers: Herbert
Spencer, Charles Darwin, Tyndall, Huxley, and others. 4.
Miscellaneous.
AMERICAN LITERATURE.
THE COLONIAL PERIOD.--1. The Seventeenth Century. George
Sandys; The Bay Psalm Book; Anne Bradstreet, John Eliot, and Cotton
Mather.--2. From 1700 to 1770. Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin,
Cadwallader Colden.
FIRST AMERICAN PERIOD, FROM 1771 TO 1820.--1. Statesmen
and Political Writers: Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton; The Federalist;
Jay, Madison, Marshall, Fisher Ames, and others.--2. The Poets:
Freneau, Trumbull, Hopkinson, Barlow, Clifton, and Dwight.--3.
Writers in other Departments: Bellamy, Hopkins, Dwight, and Bishop
White. Rush, McClurg, Lindley Murray, Charles Brockden Brown.
Ramsay, Graydon. Count Rumford, Wirt, Ledyard, Pinkney, and Pike.
SECOND AMERICAN PERIOD, FROM 1820 TO 1860.--1. History,
Biography, and Travels: Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Godwin, Ticknor,
Schoolcraft, Hildreth, Sparks, Irving, Headley, Stephens, Kane, Squier,

Perry, Lynch, Taylor, and others.--2. Oratory: Webster, Clay, Calhoun,
Benton, Everett, and others.--3. Fiction: Cooper, Irving, Willis,
Hawthorne, Poe, Simms, Mrs. Stowe, and others.--4. Poetry: Bryant,
Dana, Halleck, Longfellow, Willis, Lowell, Allston, Hillhouse, Drake,
Whittier, Hoffman, and others. --5. The Transcendental Movement in
New England.--6. Miscellaneous Writings: Whipple, Tuckerman,
Curtis, Brigge, Prentice, and others.--7. Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries,
and Educational Books. The Encyclopaedia Americana. The New
American Cyclopaedia. Allibone, Griswold, Duyckinck, Webster,
Worcester, Anthon, Felton, Barnard, and others.--8. Theology,
Philosophy, Economy, and Jurisprudence: Stuart, Robinson, Wayland,
Barnes, Channing, Parker. Tappan, Henry, Hickok, Haven. Carey, Kent,
Wheaton, Story, Livingston, Lawrence, Bouvier.--9. Natural Sciences:
Franklin, Morse, Fulton, Silliman, Dana, Hitchcock, Rogers, Bowditch,
Peirce, Bache, Holbrook, Audubon, Morton, Gliddon, Maury, and
others.--10. Foreign Writers: Paine, Witherspoon, Rowson, Priestley,
Wilson, Agassiz, Guyot, Mrs. Robinson, Gurowski, and others.--11.
Newspapers and Periodicals. --12. Since 1860.
CONCLUSION.
INDEX.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.
The following works are the sources from which this book is wholly or
chiefly derived:--
Taylor's History of the Alphabet; Dwight's Philology; Herder's Spirit of
Hebrew Poetry; Lowth's Hebrew Poetry; Asiatic Researches; the works
of Gesenius, De Wette, Ewald, Colebrooke, Sir William Jones, Wilson,
Ward; Schlegel's Hindu Language and Literature; Max Müller's History
of Sanskrit Literature; and What India has taught us; Malcolm's History
of Persia; Richardson on the Language of Eastern Nations; Adelung's
Mithridates; Chodzko's Specimens of the Popular Poetry of Persia;
Costello's Rose Garden of Persia; Rémusat's Mémoire sur l'Ecriture
Chinoise; Davis on the Poetry of the Chinese; Williams's Middle
Kingdom; The Mikado's Empire; Rein's Travels in Japan; Duhalde's
Description de la Chine; Champollion's Letters; Wilkinson's Extracts
from Hieroglyphical Subjects; the works of Bunsen, Müller, and Lane;
Müller's History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, continued by

Donaldson; Browne's History of Roman Classical Literature; Fiske's
Manual of Classical Literature; Sismondi's Literature of the South of
Europe; Goodrich's Universal History; Sanford's Rise and Progress of
Literature; Schlegel's Lectures on the History of Literature; Schlegel's
History of Dramatic Art; Tiraboschi's History of Italian Literature;
Maffei, Corniani, and Ugoni on the same subject; Chambers's
Handbooks of Italian and German Literature; Vilmar's History of
German Literature; Foster's Handbook of French Literature; Nisard's
Histoire de la Littérature Française; Demogeot's Histoire de la
Littérature française; Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature; Talvi's
(Mrs. Robinson) Literature of the Slavic Nations; Mallet's Northern
Antiquities; Keyson's Religion of the Northmen; Pigott's Northern
Mythology; William and Mary Howitt's Literature and Romance of
Northern Europe; De s'Gravenweert's Sur la Littérature Néerlandaise;
Siegenbeck's Histoire Littéraire des Pays- Bas; Da Pontes' Poets and
Poetry of Germany; Menzel's German Literature; Spaulding's History
of English Literature; Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature;
Shaw's English Literature; Stedman's Victorian Poets; Trübner's guide
to American Literature; Duyckinck's Cyclopaedia of American
Literature; Griswold's Poets and Prose Writers of America;
Tuckerman's Sketch of American Literature; Frothingham's
Transcendental Movement in New England. French, English, and
American Encyclopaedias, Biographies, Dictionaries, and numerous
other works of reference have also been extensively consulted.

INTRODUCTION.
THE ALPHABET.
1. The Origin of Letters.--2. The Phoenician Alphabet and
Inscriptions.-- 3, The Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs.--4. The
Medieval Scripts. The Irish. The Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The
Gothic. The Runic.
1. THE ORIGIN OF LETTERS.--Alphabetic writing is an art easy to
acquire, but its invention has tasked the genius of the three most gifted
nations of the ancient world. All primitive people have begun to record
events and transmit messages by means of rude pictures of objects,
intended to represent things