Handbook of Ethical Theory | Page 2

the Objects of Desire, and the Effort to
Find an Underlying Unity.


CHAPTER XIV.
INTENTION AND MOTIVE 45. Complex Ends. 46. Intention. 47.
Motive. 48. Ethical Significance of Intention and Motive.


CHAPTER XV.
FEELING AS MOTIVE 49. Feeling. 50. Feeling and Action. 51.
Feeling as Object. 52. Freedom as Object.


CHAPTER XVI.
RATIONALITY AND WILL 53. The Irrational Will. 54. One View of
Reason. 55. Dominant and Subordinate Desires. 56. The Harmonization
of Desires. 57. Varieties of Dominant Ends. 58. An Objection
Answered. 59. This View of Reason Misconceived. 60. Another View
of Reason.


PART V
THE SOCIAL WILL

CHAPTER XVII.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOCIAL WILL 61. What is the Social

Will? 62. Social Will and Social Habits. 63. Social Will and Social
Organization. 64. The Social Will and Ideal Ends. 65. The Permanent
Social Will.


CHAPTER XVIII.
EXPRESSIONS OF THE SOCIAL WILL 66. Custom. 67. The Ground
for the Authority of Custom. 68. The Origin and the Persistence of
Customs. 69. Law. 70. Public Opinion.


CHAPTER XIX.
THE SHARERS IN THE SOCIAL WILL 71. The Community. 72. The
Community and the Dead. 73. The Community and the Supernatural.
74. Religion and the Community. 75. The Spread of the Community.


PART VI
THE REAL SOCIAL WILL

CHAPTER XX.
THE IMPERFECT SOCIAL WILL 76. The Apparent and the Real
Social Will. 77. The Will of the Majority. 78. Ignorance and Error and
the Social Will. 79. Heedlessness and the Social Will. 80. Rational
Elements in the Irrational Will. 81. The Social Will and the Selfishness
of the Individual.


CHAPTER XXI.

THE RATIONAL SOCIAL WILL 82. Reasonable Ends. 83. An
Objection Answered. 84. Reasonable Social Ends. 85. The Ethics of
Reason. 86. The Development of Civilization.


CHAPTER XXII.
THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE SOCIAL WILL 87. Man's Multiple
Allegiance. 88. The Appeal to Reason. 89. The Ethics of Reason and
the Varying Moral Codes.


PART VII
THE SCHOOLS OF THE MORALISTS

CHAPTER XXIII.
INTUITIONISM 90. What is it? 91. Varieties of Intuitionism. 92.
Arguments for Intuitionism. 93. Arguments against Intuitionism. 94.
The Value of Moral Intuitions.


CHAPTER XXIV.
EGOISM 95. What is Egoism? 96. Crass Egoisms. 97. Equivocal
Egoism? 98. What is Meant by the Self? 99. Egoism and the Broader
Self. 100. Egoism not Unavoidable. 101. Varieties of Egoism. 102. The
Arguments for Egoism. 103. The Argument against Egoism. 104. The
Moralist's Interest in Egoism.


CHAPTER XXV.

UTILITARIANISM 105. What is Utilitarianism? 106. Bentham's
Doctrine. 107. The Doctrine of J. S. Mill. 108. The Argument for
Utilitarianism. 109. The Distribution of Happiness. 110. The Calculus
of Pleasures. 111. The Difficulties of Other Schools. 112. Summary of
Arguments for Utilitarianism. 113. Arguments against Utilitarianism.
114. Transfigured Utilitarianism.


CHAPTER XXVI.
NATURE, PERFECTION, SELF-REALIZATION I. Nature 115.
Human Nature as Accepted Standard. 116. Human Nature and the Law
of Nature. 117. Vagueness of the Law of Nature. 118. The Appeal to
Nature and Intuitionism.
II. Perfection 119. Perfection and Type. 120. More and Less Perfect
Types. 121. Perfectionism and Intuitionism.
III. _Self-realization_ 122. The Self-realization Doctrine. 123. The
Doctrine Akin to that of Following Nature. 124. Is the Doctrine More
Egoistic? 125. Why Aim to Realize Capacities? 126. The Problem of
Self-sacrifice. 127. Self-satisfaction and Self-sacrifice. 128. Can Moral
Self-sacrifice be a Duty? 129. Self-sacrifice and the Identity of Selves.
130. Questions which Seem to be Left Open.


CHAPTER XXVII.
THE ETHICS OF EVOLUTION 131. The Significance of the Title.
132. Evolution and the Schools of the Moralists. 133. The Ethics of
Individual Evolutionists.


CHAPTER XXVIII.
PESSIMISM 134. The Philosophy of the Pessimist. 135. Comment on
the Ethics of Pessimism.

CHAPTER XXIX.
KANT, HEGEL AND NIETZSCHE 136. Kant. 137. Hegel. 138.
Nietzsche.


PART VIII
THE ETHICS OF THE SOCIAL WILL

CHAPTER XXX.
ASPECTS OF THE ETHICS OF REASON 139. The Doctrine
Supported by the Other Schools. 140. Its Method of Approach to
Problems. 141. Its Solution of Certain Difficulties. 142. The
Cultivation of Our Capacities.


CHAPTER XXXI.
THE MORAL LAW AND MORAL IDEALS 143. Duties and Virtues.
144. The Negative Aspect of the Moral Law. 145. How Can One Know
the Moral Law?


CHAPTER XXXII.
THE MORAL CONCEPTS 146. Good and Bad; Right and Wrong. 147.
Duty and Obligation. 148. Reward and Punishment. 149. Virtues and
Vices. 150. Conscience.


CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE ETHICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL. 151. What is Meant by the
Term? 152. The Virtues of the Individual. 153. Conventional Morality.


CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE ETHICS OF THE STATE 154. The Aim of the State. 155. Its
Origin and Authority. 156. Forms of Organization. 157. The Laws of
the State. 158. The Rights and Duties of