Gracchi Marius and Sulla | Page 2

to service--The army becomes professional

CHAPTER VII.
SATURNINUS AND DRUSUS.
Saturninus takes up the Gracchan policy, in league with Glaucia and Marius--The Lex Servilia meant to relieve the provincials, conciliate the equites, and throw open the judicia to all citizens--Agrarian law of Saturninus--His laws about grain and treason--Murder of Memmius, Glaucia's rival--Saturninus is attacked and deserted by Marius--The Lex Licinia Minucia heralds the Social War--Drusus attempts reform--Obliged to tread in the steps of the Gracchi--His proposals with regard to the Italians, the coinage, corn, colonies and the equites--Opposed by Philippus and murdered

CHAPTER VIII.
THE SOCIAL WAR.
Interests of Italian capitalists and small farmers opposed--The Social War breaks out at Asculum--The insurgents choose Corfinium as their capital--In the first year they gain everywhere--Then the Lex Julia is passed and in the second year they lose everywhere--The star of Sulla rises, that of Marius declines--The Lex Plautia Papiria--First year of the war--The confederates defeat Perperna, Crassus, Caesar, Lupus, Caepio, and take town after town--The Umbrians and Etruscans Revolt--Second year--Pompeius triumphs in the north, Cosconius in the south-east, Sulla in the south-west--Revolution at Rome--The confederates courted by both parties--The rebellion smoulders on till finally quenched by Sulla after the Mithridatic War

CHAPTER IX.
SULPICIUS.
Financial crisis at Rome--Sulpicius Rufus attempts to reform the government, and complete the enfranchisement of the Italians--His laws forcibly carried by the aid of Marius--Sulla driven from Rome flies to the army at Nola, and marches at their head against Marius--Sulpicius slain--Marius outlawed--Sulla leaves Italy after reorganizing the Senate and the comitia

CHAPTER X.
MARIUS AND CINNA.
Flight of Marius--His romantic adventures at Circeii, Minturnae, Carthage--Cinna takes up the Italian cause--Driven from Rome by Octavius, he flies to the army in Campania and marches on Rome--Marius lands in Etruria--Octavius summons Pompeius from Etruria and their armies surround the city--Marius and Cinna enter Rome--The proscriptions--Seventh consulship and death of Marius--Cinna supreme

CHAPTER XI.
THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR.
Sertorius in Spain--Cyrene bequeathed to Rome--Previous history of Mithridates--His submission to Aquillius--Aquillius forces on a war--He is defeated and killed by Mithridates--Massacre of Romans in Asia--Mithridates repulsed at Rhodes

CHAPTER XII.
SULLA IN GREECE AND ASIA.
Aristion induces Athens to revolt--Sulla lands in Epirus, and besieges Athens and the Piraeus--His difficulties--He takes Athens and the Piraeus, and defeats Archelaus at Chaeroneia and Orchomenus--Terms offered to Mithridates--Tyranny of the latter--Flaccus comes to Asia and is murdered by Fimbria, who is soon afterwards put to death by Sulla

CHAPTER XIII.
SULLA IN ITALY.
Sulla lands at Brundisium and is joined by numerous adherents--Battle of Mount Tifata--Sertorius goes to Spain--Sulla in 83 is master of Picenum, Apulia, and Campania--Battle of Sacriportus--Sulla blockades young Marius in Praeneste--Indecisive war in Picenum between Carbo and Metellus--Repeated attempts to relieve Praeneste--Carbo flies to Africa--His lieutenants threaten Rome--Sulla comes to the rescue --Desperate attempt to take the city by Pontius--Battle of the Colline Gate--Sulla's danger--Death of Carbo, of Domitius Ahenobarbus--Exploits of Pompeius in Sicily and Africa--His vanity--Murena provokes the second Mithridatic War--Sertorius in Spain--His successes and ascendency over the natives

CHAPTER XIV.
PERSONAL RULE AND DEATH OF SULLA.
The Sullan proscriptions--Sulla and Caesar--The Cornelii--Sulla's horrible character--His death and splendid obsequies

CHAPTER XV.
SULLA'S REACTIONARY MEASURES.
The Leges Corneliae--Sulla remodels the Senate, the quaestorship, the censorship, the tribunate, the comitia, the consulship, the praetorship, the augurate and pontificate, the judicia--Minor laws attributed to him--Effects of his legislation the best justification of the Gracchi
LIST OF PHRASES
INDEX
MAPS.
MARCH OF SULLA AND ARCHELAUS BEFORE CHAERONEIA
BATTLE OF CHAERONEIA

THE
GRACCHI, MARIUS AND SULLA.
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CHAPTER I.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE REVOLUTION.
During the last half of the second century before Christ Rome was undisputed mistress of the civilised world. A brilliant period of foreign conquest had succeeded the 300 years in which she had overcome her neighbours and made herself supreme in Italy. In 146 B.C. she had given the death-blow to her greatest rival, Carthage, and had annexed Greece. In 140 treachery had rid her of Viriathus, the stubborn guerilla who defied her generals and defeated her armies in Spain. In 133 the terrible fate of Numantia, and in 132 the merciless suppression of the Sicilian slave-revolt, warned all foes of the Republic that the sword, which the incompetence of many generals had made seem duller than of old, was still keen to smite; and except where some slave-bands were in desperate rebellion, and in Pergamus, where a pretender disputed with Rome the legacy of Attalus, every land along the shores of the Mediterranean was subject to or at the mercy of a town not half as large as the London of to-day. Almost exactly a century afterwards the Government under which this gigantic empire had been consolidated was no more.
Foreign wars will have but secondary importance in the following pages. [Sidenote: The history will not be one of military events.] The interest of the narrative centres mainly in home politics; and though the world did not cease to echo to the tramp of conquering legions, and the victorious soldier became a more and more