England in America, 1580-1652 | Page 7

Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 31.]
[Footnote 12: Hakluyt, Voyages, I., 270.]

[Footnote 13: Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, III., 7.]
[Footnote 14: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 593, 618.]
[Footnote 15: Ibid., 618-623.]
[Footnote 16: Hakluyt, Voyages, IV., 1; Winsor, Narrative and Critical
History, III., 59-84.]
[Footnote 17: Camden, Annals, in Kennet, England, II., 478.]
[Footnote 18: Harris, Voyages and Travels, II., 15.]
[Footnote 19: Harris, Voyages and Travels, II., 15.]
[Footnote 20: Camden, Annals, in Kennet, England, II., 478, 479.]
[Footnote 21: Camden, Annals, in Kennet, England, II., 479, 480;
Hakluyt, Voyages, IV., 232-246.]
[Footnote 22: Ibid., 316-341.]
[Footnote 23: Edwards, Life of Raleigh, I., 77.]
[Footnote 24: Cal. of State Pap., Col., 1513-1616, p. 8.]
[Footnote 25: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 32-46; Edwards, Life of Raleigh,
I., 77; Doyle, English in America, I., 60.]
[Footnote 26: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 53.]
[Footnote 27: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 52-104, 132.]
[Footnote 28: Brown, Genesis of the United States, I., 9.]
[Footnote 29: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 174-176.]
[Footnote 30: Hakluyt, Voyages, III., 186.]

[Footnote 31: Cal. of State Pap., Col., 1574-1674, p. 17.]
[Footnote 32: Cal. of State Pap., Col., 1574-1674, pp. 8-10.]
[Footnote 33: Edwards, Life of Raleigh, I., 82, 83.]
[Footnote 34: Stevens, Thomas Hariot, 40.]
[Footnote 35: Cal. of State Pap., Col., 1574-1660, p. 2.]
CHAPTER II
GILBERT AND RALEIGH COLONIES
(1583-1602)
Preparations for Gilbert's second and fateful expedition now went
forward, and public interest was much aroused by the return of Drake,
in 1580, laden with the spoils of America. Gilbert invited Raleigh to
accompany him as vice-admiral, but the queen would not let him
accept.[1] Indeed, she seemed to have a presentiment that all would not
go well, and when the arrangements for the voyage were nearing
completion she caused her secretary of state, Walsingham, to let Gilbert
also know that, "of her special care" for him, she wished his stay at
home "as a man noted of no good hap by sea."[2] But the queen's
remark only proved her desire for Gilbert's safety; and she soon after
sent him word that she wished him as "great goodhap and safety to his
ship as if herself were there in person," and requested his picture as a
keepsake.[3] The fleet of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, consisting of five ships
bearing two hundred and sixty men, sailed from Plymouth June 11,
1583, and the "mishaps" which the queen feared soon overtook them.
After scarcely two days of voyage the ship sent by Raleigh, the best in
the fleet, deserted. Two more ships got separated, and the crew of one
of them, freed from Gilbert's control, turned pirates and plundered a
French ship which fell in their way. Nevertheless, Gilbert pursued his
course, and on August 3, 1583, he reached the harbor of St. John's in
Newfoundland, where he found the two missing ships. Gilbert showed
his commission to the fishing vessels, of which there were no fewer

than thirty-six of all nations in port, and their officers readily
recognized his authority. Two days later he took possession of the
country in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and as an indication of the
national sovereignty to all men he caused the arms of England engraved
on lead to be fixed on a pillar of wood on the shore side.
Mishaps did not end with the landing in Newfoundland. The emigrants
who sailed with Gilbert were better fitted for a crusade than a colony,
and, disappointed at not at once finding mines of gold and silver, many
deserted; and soon there were not enough sailors to man all the four
ships. Accordingly, the Swallow was sent back to England with the sick;
and with the remainder of the fleet, well supplied at St. John's with fish
and other necessaries, Gilbert (August 20) sailed south as far as
forty-four degrees north latitude. Off Sable Island a storm assailed them,
and the largest of the vessels, called the Delight, carrying most of the
provisions, was driven on a rock and went to pieces.
Overwhelmed by this terrible misfortune, the colonists returned to
Newfoundland, where, yielding to his crew, Gilbert discontinued his
explorations, and on August 31 changed the course of the two ships
remaining, the Squirrel and Golden Hind, directly for England. The
story of the voyage back is most pathetic. From the first the sea was
boisterous; but to entreaties that he should abandon the Squirrel, a little
affair of ten tons, and seek his own safety in the Hind, a ship of much
larger size, Gilbert replied, "No, I will not forsake my little company
going homeward, with whom I have passed so many storms and perils."
Even then, amid so much danger, his spirit rose supreme, and he
actually planned for the spring following two expeditions, one to the
south and one to the north; and when some