Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany | Page 2

aid, are discussed in separate paragraphs printed in smaller type.
The drawings, with very few exceptions, which are duly credited, were drawn from nature by the author, and nearly all expressly for this work.
A list of the most useful books of reference is appended, all of which have been more or less consulted in the preparation of the following pages.
The classification adopted is, with slight changes, that given in Goebel's "Outlines of Morphology and Classification"; while, perhaps, not in all respects entirely satisfactory, it seems to represent more nearly than any other our present knowledge of the subject. Certain groups, like the Diatoms and Charace?, are puzzles to the botanist, and at present it is impossible to give them more than a provisional place in the system.
If this volume serves to give the student some comprehension of the real aims of botanical science, and its claims to be something more than the "Analysis" of flowers, it will have fulfilled its mission.
DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL.
BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA, October, 1889.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
--INTRODUCTION 1
Composition of Matter; Biology; Botany; Zo?logy; Departments of Botany; Implements and Reagents; Collecting Specimens.
CHAPTER II.
--THE CELL 6
Parts of the Cell; Formation of New Cells; Tissues.
CHAPTER III.
--CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 9
Protophytes; Slime-moulds; Schizophytes; Blue-green Slimes, Oscillaria; Schizomycetes, Bacteria; Green Monads, Euglena, Volvox.
CHAPTER IV.
--ALG? 21
Classification of Alg?; Green Alg?; Protococcace?, Protococcus; Confervace?, Cladophora, OEdogonium, Coleoch?te.
CHAPTER V.
--GREEN ALG? (Continued) 30
Pond-scums, Spirogyra; Siphone?, Vaucheria; Charace?, Chara.
CHAPTER VI.
--BROWN SEAWEEDS 41
Diatomace?; True Brown Alg?, Fucus; Classification of Brown Alg?.
CHAPTER VII.
--RED ALG? 49
Structure of Red Alg?; Callithamnion; Fresh-Water Forms.
CHAPTER VIII.
--FUNGI 54
Phycomycetes, Mycomycetes; Phycomycetes, Black Moulds, Mucor; White Rusts and Mildews, Cystopus; Water Moulds.
CHAPTER IX.
--TRUE FUNGI 63
Yeast; Smuts; Ascomycetes; Dandelion Mildew; Cup Fungi, Ascobolus; Lichens; Black Fungi.
CHAPTER X.
--TRUE FUNGI (Continued) 77
Basidiomycetes; Rusts; Coprinus; Classification.
CHAPTER XI.
--BRYOPHYTES 86
Classification; Liverworts, Madotheca; Classification of Liverworts; Mosses, Funaria; Classification of Mosses.
CHAPTER XII.
--PTERIDOPHYTES 102
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes; Germination and Prothallium; Structure of Maiden-hair Fern.
CHAPTER XIII.
--CLASSIFICATION OF PTERIDOPHYTES 116
Ferns; Horse-tails; Club Mosses.
CHAPTER XIV.
--SPERMAPHYTES 128
General Characteristics; Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, Scotch-pine; Classification of Gymnosperms.
CHAPTER XV.
--SPERMAPHYTES (Continued) 143
Angiosperms; Flowers of Angiosperms; Classification of Angiosperms; Monocotyledons, Structure of Erythronium.
CHAPTER XVI.
--CLASSIFICATION OF MONOCOTYLEDONS 153
Liliiflor?; Enantioblast?; Spadiciflor?; Glumace?; Scitamine?; Gynandr?, Helobi?.
CHAPTER XVII.
--DICOTYLEDONS 170
General Characteristics; Structure of Shepherd's-purse.
CHAPTER XVIII.
--CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS 181
Choripetal?: Iuliflor?; Centrosperm?; Aphanocycl?; Eucycl?; Tricocc?; Calyciflor?.
CHAPTER XIX.
--CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDONS (Continued) 210
Sympetal?: Isocarp?, Bicornes, Primulin?, Diospyrin?; Anisocarp?, Tubiflor?, Labiatiflor?, Contort?, Campanulin?, Aggregat?.
CHAPTER XX.
--FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS 225
CHAPTER XXI.
--HISTOLOGICAL METHODS 230
Nuclear Division in Wild Onion; Methods of Fixing, Staining, and Mounting Permanent Preparations; Reference Books.
INDEX 237

BOTANY.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
All matter is composed of certain constituents (about seventy are at present known), which, so far as the chemist is concerned, are indivisible, and are known as elements.
Of the innumerable combinations of these elements, two general classes may be recognized, organic and inorganic bodies. While it is impossible, owing to the dependence of all organized matter upon inorganic matter, to give an absolute definition, we at once recognize the peculiarities of organic or living bodies as distinguished from inorganic or non-living ones. All living bodies feed, grow, and reproduce, these acts being the result of the action of forces resident within the organism. Inorganic bodies, on the other hand, remain, as a rule, unchanged so long as they are not acted upon by external forces.
All living organisms are dependent for existence upon inorganic matter, and sooner or later return these elements to the sources whence they came. Thus, a plant extracts from the earth and air certain inorganic compounds which are converted by the activity of the plant into a part of its own substance, becoming thus incorporated into a living organism. After the plant dies, however, it undergoes decomposition, and the elements are returned again to the earth and atmosphere from which they were taken.
Investigation has shown that living bodies contain comparatively few elements, but these are combined into extraordinarily complex compounds. The following elements appear to be essential to all living bodies: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, potassium. Besides these there are several others usually present, but not apparently essential to all organisms. These include phosphorus, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, silicon.
As we examine more closely the structure and functions of organic bodies, an extraordinary uniformity is apparent in all of them. This is disguised in the more specialized forms, but in the simpler ones is very apparent. Owing to this any attempt to separate absolutely the animal and vegetable kingdoms proves futile.
The science that treats of living things, irrespective of the distinction between plant and animal, is called "Biology," but for many purposes it is desirable to recognize the distinctions, making two departments of Biology,--Botany, treating of plants; and Zo?logy, of animals. It is with the first of these only that we shall concern ourselves here.
When one takes up a plant his attention is naturally first drawn to its general appearance and structure, whether it is a complicated one like one of the flowering plants, or some humbler