Don Francisco de Quevedo | Page 6

prosperity of the kingdom in general. The Spanish soldiers quartered upon them behaved with such lawlessness that in May of 1640 the population of Barcelona broke into open rebellion. Santa Coloma was cut down in his attempt to escape the consequences of his lack of diplomacy and tact. From Barcelona the revolt soon spread through the entire province. It has been said that the gentle measures of repression inaugurated by the new viceroy, the Duke of Cardona, particularly displeased Olivares, who saw at last what he believed to be his opportunity utterly to crush Catalan liberty. The answer of the Catalans was to throw themselves into the hands of the French and Richelieu, by seeking foreign aid against Castile.
In September 1640 an army under the Marqu��s de los V��lez was sent north to straighten out the tangled affairs of Catalonia. At first he was successful, but in January 1641 he was beaten back from Barcelona itself after a bloody defeat at the hands of the local soldiery.
To make sure of French aid the rebels offered their allegiance to Louis XIII of France, and the revolt was kept alive with French money and soldiers, while Philip's armies were invariably defeated.
To complete our picture of the political situation we must turn for a moment to Portugal. There reluctant allegiance to the Spanish crown had already been severely strained during the previous reign by the high-handed procedure of Lerma, the favorite of Philip III. Portuguese administrative offices had been filled in Madrid, and the country was inconsiderately taxed to maintain Castilian sovereignty. Under Philip IV the regent of the kingdom was Do?a Margarita, Duchess of Mantua and granddaughter of Philip II.[8] While she was ostensibly in control of the difficult Portuguese situation, the real ruler was Don Miguel Vasconcellos, a Portuguese of scant ability and bloodthirsty instincts; he was kept in command by Olivares dictating from Madrid. The announcement of Vasconcellos to the nation that it was the intention of Olivares to remove the last vestige of constitutional rule in Portugal by the suppression of the Portuguese Cortes drove the patriots to rally about the Duke of Braganza. A well-planned conspiracy was set on foot to place Braganza on the throne of Portugal and thus to rid the country forever of the hated Castilian sovereignty.
[Footnote 8: Philip II had married his daughter, the infanta Catalina, to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy.]
After the failure of all his attempts to bring Braganza to Madrid, Olivares tried desperately to win his favor by apparently putting the fate of Portugal entirely in his hands. It was a fatal course. Olivares sent him large sums of money to raise troops to keep the Portuguese situation in control and help in the repression of the Catalans; then he put Braganza at the head of them.
In November of 1640 Braganza proclaimed himself king. The regent Margaret was imprisoned. Vasconcellos was killed by the mob.
The news was received in Madrid with the deepest dismay. Pellicer[9] wrote: "These announcements should be written with blood, and deserve to be wept over rather than written, for they contain nothing less than the rebellion of Portugal and the coronation of Don Juan, whom they call Juan IV, the Duke of Braganza." It is commonly stated that Olivares announced the news of the rebellion to Philip by congratulating him upon the opportunity thus offered to seize the property of Braganza.
[Footnote 9: Avisos de 11 de Diciembre de 1640.]
To add to the troubles in Portugal and Catalonia just described, a plot by the Duke of Medina Sidonia to make himself independent sovereign of Andalusia was discovered only just in time to prevent a serious rising.
The advisability of Philip's putting himself in person at the head of the troops in the north had long been the subject of earnest and bitter discussion between Olivares and his enemies. The latter had urged upon Philip the necessity of seeing with his own eyes the pass to which matters had been brought by the ineptitude and recklessness of his minister. This could best be accomplished by a visit of inspection to the revolted provinces. Moreover, with Philip and Olivares away from the capital the queen and those of the nobility who were working for the downfall of Olivares could proceed with a freer hand.
When once the royal party had left, Do?a Isabel set about her task with true nobility and great energy. She was almost heroic in her efforts to encourage and inspire with loyalty to the crown the troops garrisoned in Madrid. She even sold her jewels to raise money for the campaign in Aragon.
Philip, meanwhile, was traveling slowly northward with great pomp and ceremony. Olivares was straining every nerve to prevent the king's realizing the desperateness of the situation. The monarch was denied to all visitors, and his attention was