Division of Words | Page 4

elevator elucidator emulator enactor equivocator escheator estimator exactor excavator exceptor executor (_law_) exhibitor explorator expositor expostulator extensor extirpator extractor fabricator factor flexor fornicator fumigator generator gladiator governor grantor (_law_) habitator imitator impostor impropriator inaugurator inceptor incisor inheritor initiator innovator insinuator institutor instructor interlocutor interpolator interrogator inventor investor juror lector legator legislator lessor mediator modulator monitor mortgagor (_law_) multiplicator narrator navigator negotiator nonjuror numerator objector obligor (_law_) observator operator originator pacificator participator peculator percolator perforator perpetrator persecutor perturbator possessor preceptor precursor predecessor predictor prevaricator procrastinator procreator procurator professor progenitor projector prolocutor promulgator propagator propitiator proprietor prosecutor protector protractor purveyor recognizor (_law_) recriminator reflector regenerator regulator relator (_law_) rotator sacrificator sailor (_seaman_) scrutator sculptor sectator selector senator separator sequestrator servitor solicitor spectator spoliator sponsor successor suitor supervisor suppressor surveyor survivor testator tormentor traitor transgressor translator valuator vendor (_law_) venerator ventilator vindicator violator visitor
IV
Words which in their shortest form end in _-d_, _-de_, _-ge_, _-unit_, _-rt_, _-se_, _-sr_, take the ending _-sion_; e.g., abscind, _abscission_; include, _inclusion_; emerge, _emersion_; remit, _remission_; infuse, _infusion_; repress, repression.
All others take the ending _-tion_.
The following are irregularities:
adhesion assertion attention coercion cohesion crucifixion declension dimension dissension distortion divulsion expulsion impulsion insertion intention occasion propulsion recursion repulsion revulsion scansion suspicion tension version
Words ending in _-ance_, _-ence_; _-ancy_, _-ency_; _-ant_, and _-ent_, often cause confusion when carelessly written.
The following is a list of the more common words with the e form.
abducent abhorrence, -ent abluent absent, -ence absorbent abstergent abstinence, -ent adherence, -ent advertency, -ent affluence, -ent antecedence, -ent apparent appertinent appetence, -ency ardent benevolence, -ent circumference coexistence coherence, -ent coincidence, -ent competence, -ent concurrence, -ent condolence conference confidence, -ent confluence, -ent consentient consequence consequent consistence, -ent consistency constituent continence, -ent convenience, -ent corpulence, -ent correspondence, -ent currency, -ent deference delinquency, -ent dependence, -ent deponent descendent (_adj._) despondency, -ent difference diffidence, -ent diffluent efficiency, -ent eminence, -ency eminent excellence, -ency excellent existence, -ent expediency feculence, -ent flocculence, -ent fluency, -ent fraudulence, -ent imminence, -ent impatience, -ent impellent imprudence, -ent impudence, -ent incipience, -ent incumbency, -ent independence, -ent indolence, -ent inference inherence, -ent intermittent iridescence, -ent lambent latency, -ent leniency, -ent magniloquence, -ent malevolence, -ent mellifluence, -ent mollient obedience, -ent occurrence, -ent omniscience, -ent opulence, -ency opulent patience, -ent pendent (_adj._) pendency penitence, -ent permanence, -ent permanency pertinence, -ent pestilence, -ent poculent portent potency, -ent precedence, -ent preference prescience, -ent presence, -ent presidency, -ent proficiency, -ent prominence, -ent proponent providence, -ent prudence, -ent purulence, -ent quintessence recurrence, -ent reference refluence, -ent repellent residence, -ency resident resolvent resplendence, -ent respondent reverence, -ent sentient solvency, -ent somnolency, -ent subserviency, -ent subsidence, -ency subsistence, -ent succulent superintendence superintendency superintendent tendence, -ency transcendence, -ent transcendency transference transient transparency, -ent transplendency, -ent turbulence, -ent vicegerency, -ent virulence, -ent
Nearly all other words of this type take the a form.
* * * * *
The instructor should drill the pupils in spelling not only these "catch" words, but a wide range of English words. These lessons may be taken to advantage from some of the books mentioned in the list for supplementary reading, from any other good spelling book, or even from the pages of any well printed book or magazine. The words should be given out orally and written down by the pupil. A good exercise is the reading of a paragraph from any good book, or some stanza of poetry, the passage read to be taken down by the pupil with care to spell, punctuate, and capitalize properly.
A number of topics sometimes treated under the head of spelling will be found discussed in the "Printer's Manual of Style" (No. 41).

PRONUNCIATION
The English language is a difficult one to pronounce as well as to spell. This arises from two causes. The English language has some sounds not generally found in other languages, such as w and th. As has already been pointed out, the alphabet fits the language very badly. Careful lexicographers indicate no less than seven sounds of a, five of e, three of i, four of o and six of u, as shown in the following table:
[=a] as in [=a]le [Ia] as in sen[Ia]te [)a] as in [)a]m á as in ásk [a:] as in [a:]ll ? as in f?ther (a) as in fin(a)l
[=e] as in [=e]ve [)e] as in [)e]nd [Ie] as in ev[Ie]nt [~e] as in f[~e]rn (e) as in prud(e)nce
[=i] as in [=i]ce [Ii] as in [Ii]dea [)i] as in p[)i]n
[=o] as in [=o]ld [Io] as in [Io]pen [)o] as in [)o]dd ? as in ?rb
[=u] as in [=u]se [Iu] as in [Iu]nite [)u] as in [)u]p [u:] as in r[u:]de [u=] as in f[u=]ll ? as in ?rn
In addition to these there are diphthongs, combinations of vowel sounds pronounced as one syllable, such as
ou as in out oi as in oil There are also a number of digraphs or combinations of vowels or consonants