Disputed Handwriting | Page 4

of Eminent
Judges on Expert Testimony--Experts Who Testify Without
Experience--What a Bank Cashier or Teller Bases His Opinions
on--Actions and Deductions of the Trained Handwriting
Expert--Admitting Evidence of Handwriting Experts--Occupation and
Theories That Make an Expert--Difference Between an Expert and a
Witness--Experts and Test Writing--What Constitutes An Expert in
Handwriting--Present Practice Regarding Experts--Assuming to Be a
Competent Expert--Testing a Witness with Prepared Forged
Signatures--Care in Giving Answers--A Writing Teacher As an
Expert--Familiarity with Signatures--What a Dash, Blot, or Distortion
of a Letter Shows--What a Handwriting Expert Should Confine
Himself to--Parts of Writing Which Demand the Closest
Attention--American and English Laws on Experts in
Handwriting--Examination of Disputed Handwriting
CHAPTER XX
TAMPERED, ERASED AND MANIPULATED PAPER

Sure Rules for the Detection of Forged and Fraudulent Writing of Any
Kind--European Professor Gives Rules for Detecting Fraud--How to
Tell Alterations Made on Checks, Drafts, and Business Paper--An
Infallible System Discovered--Results Always Satisfactory--Can Be
Used by Anyone--Vapor of Iodine a Valuable Agent--Paper That Has
Been Wet or Moistened--Colors That Tampered Paper
Assumes--Tracing Written Characters with Water--Making Writing
Legible--How to Tell Paper That Has Been Erased or Rubbed--What a
Light Will Disclose--Erasing with Bread Crumbs--Hard to
Detect--How to Discover Traces of Manipulation--Erased Surface
Made Legible--Treating Partially Erased Paper--Detecting Nature of
Substance Used for Erasing--Use of Bread Crumbs Colors
Papers--Tracing Writing with a Glass Rod--Tracing Writing Under
Paper--Writing With Glass Tubes Instead of Pens--What Physical
Examination Reveals--Erasing Substance of Paper--Reproducing Pencil
Writing in a Letter Press--Kind of Paper to Use in Making
Experiments--Detecting Fraud in Old Papers--The Rubbing and
Writing Method
CHAPTER XXI
FORGERY AS A PROFESSION
How Professional Forgers Work--Valuable Points for Bankers and
Business Men--Personnel of a Professional Forgery Gang--The
Scratcher, Layer-down, Presenter and Middleman--How Banks Are
Defrauded by Raised and Forged Paper--Detailed Method of the
Work--Dividing the Spoils--Action in Case of Arrest--Employing
Attorneys--What "Fall" Money Is--Fixing a Jury--Politicians with a
Pull--Protecting Criminals--Full Description of How Checks and Drafts
Are Altered--Alterations, Erasures and Chemicals--Raising Any
Paper--Alert Cashiers and Tellers--Different Methods of Protection
CHAPTER XXII
A FAMOUS FORGERY

The Morey-Garfield Letter--Attempt to Defeat Mr. Garfield for the
Presidency--A Clumsy Forgery--Both Letters Reproduced--Evidences
of Forgery Pointed Out--The Work of an Illiterate Man--Crude
Imitations Apparent--Undoubtedly the Greatest Forgery of the
Age--General Garfield's Quick Disclaimer Kills Effect of the
Forgery--The Letters Compared and Evidences of Forgery Made
Complete
CHAPTER XXIII
A WARNING TO BANKS AND BUSINESS HOUSES
Information for Those Who Handle Commercial and Legal
Documents--Peculiarity of Handwriting--Methods Employed in
Forgery--Means Employed for Erasing Writing--Care to Be Used in
Writing--Specimens of Originals and Alterations--Means of
Discovering and Demonstrating Forgery--Disputed Signatures--Free
Hand or Composite Signatures--Important Facts for the Banking and
Business Public--How to Use the Microscope and Photography to
Detect Forgery--Applying Chemical Tests--How to Handle Documents
and Papers to Be Preserved--The Value of Expert Testimony--Using
Chemical, Mechanical and Clerical Preventatives
CHAPTER XXIV
HOW FORGERS ALTER BANK NOTES
Bankers Easily Deceived--How Ten One Hundred Dollar Bills Are
Made out of Nine--How to Detect Altered Bank Notes--Making a
Ten-Dollar Bill out of a Five--A Ten Raised to Fifty--How Two-Dollar
Bills are Raised to a Higher Denomination--Bogus Money in
Commercial Colleges--Action of the United States Treasury
Department--Engraving a Greenback--How They Are Printed--Making
a Vignette--Beyond the Reach of Rascals--How Bank Notes Are
Printed, Signed and Issued by the Government--Safeguards to Foil
Forgers, Counterfeiters and Alterers of Bank Notes--Devices to Raise
Genuine Bank Notes--Split Notes--Altering Silver Certificates

APPENDIX
This follows with many pages of Illustrations and Descriptions of
Various Kinds of Genuine, Traced, Forged and Simulated Writings and
Autograph Signatures of Bankers, Statesmen, Jurists, Authors, Writers
and the Leading Public Characters of the World; Individual Autographs
of Every President of the United States; Freak Signatures and Curious
and Complicated Writing; and Scores of Other Interesting and
Instructive Autographs and Writings of Various Kinds That Will Prove
of Great Worth and Value

PREFACE
But few writers in the United States have expended their genius in the
field of disputed, forged, or fraudulent handwriting. In France and
Germany the subject has been more studied, and in both languages
several valuable books have appeared, while in this country it is only
recently that disputed handwriting has been looked upon as one of the
sciences.
Up to the time of the publication of this work nothing has appeared in
the United States on the subject of disputed handwriting, short
magazine and newspaper articles sufficing.
Interest in disputed handwriting and writing of all kinds is being
rapidly developed, and is a study and research with which the banker
and business man of the future must and will be perfectly familiar. A
place will be made for the science among the permanent, necessary,
and most helpful studies of the day.
No effort has been spared by the author of this work to make every
feature of handwriting accurate. This work is the result of years of
practical study in the field of disputed